宾语补足语和主语补足语

宾语补足语：奥些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语，意思 才完整，宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。而复合宾语的 第一部分通常由名词或代词充当，第二部分表示第一部分 的名词或代词发生的动作或身份、特征等，称为宾语补足宾语补足语有以下几类。1) 由动词不定式充当。多数是带to的不定式，也有不带to的不定式。1).要求带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词有 tell , ask, invite , force , get, beg , allow , wish , want , like , prefer , intend , expect , encourage , advise , permit , order , warn , cause 等。eg.I would prefer you not to change your plan我宁愿你不要改变计划。They encouraged me to try again .他们豉励我再次尝 试。2) .奥些动词如 think , consider , believe , know , find 等后 面作宾语补足语的不定式常用to be + adj .的结构。eg.We believed him to be stupid .我们认为他很笨。 He didn t consider himself (to be) important 他并不认为自己重要。3) .莫些动词如 make, have, let , see, hear, watch,notice , feel等后作宾语补足语的不定式不带to。eg.He made us stay for tea .他使我们留下来吃茶点。Let me introduce you to Miss Li .让我介绍你和李小姐认识。Did you notice me leave/leaving the house你注意到我离开了正在离开那房子吗？4) .变为被动语态时，不定式符号to必须保留。eg.People who won t work should be made to work必须要不愿工作的人工作。The middle-aged man was seen to enter the building 人们看见那中年男子走进大楼。2.由-ing形式或过去分词充当。1 ).当宾语补足语的动作由作宾语的名词或代词发生时，宾 语补足语用-ing形式。eg.He could hear his heart beating fast他可以听见自己的心脏跳得很快。Do you smell something buring?你闻到烧焦的气味了吗？2 ).当宾语是宾语补足语发生的动作对象时，宾语补足语用过去分词形式。eg.Youd better have the desk painted .你最好请人把课桌漆 一下。Ive never heard the song sung .我从未听见那首歌被人唱 过。3 .由名词充当。莫些动词 call, name, make, elect, think, find, consider, appoint后接名词或代词作其语，再接名词作宾语补足语，补充说明宾语的身份。eg.He made her secretary .他挑选她当秘书。Her parents died, leaving her an orphan她父母双亡，使她成了孤儿。They considered Paris the brain and heart of thecountry 他们把巴黎看作国家的大脑和心脏。4 .由形容词充当。奥些动词如 make , paint , keep , find , like , want 等后接 名词或代词作宾语，再接形容词作宾语补足语，补充说明 宾语的状态、特征等。有的已构成固定词组。eg.Do you like your tea weak or strong?你喜欢把茶泡浓一点还是淡一点？You must keep the classroom clean . 你应保持教室清洁。The boy was beaten black and blue .男孩被打得青一块紫 一块。宾语补足语，以下简称宾补顾名思义，是对宾语的补充，使得句子的内容更完整更充足。句子中是否有宾补，是由谓语动词决定的。有些动词不但要求有宾语，而且要求有宾补，如果丢掉宾补，就不成为句子，或意思走样。宾补一般跟在宾语之后。请看下面的例句，并注意观察：哪些词或词组充当了宾补，把宾补去掉行不行：1. We all call him Jack, 我们大家都称他杰克。Jack是宾补，用来说明him。名词充当宾补。2. He made me angry,他使得我很生气。angry是宾补，用来说明me ,形容词充当宾补。3. Put your book down,把你的书放下。down是宾补，用来说明your book 。副词充当宾补。4. Put your book into your schoolbag,把你的书放到书包里。into your school bag是宾补，用来说明 your book 。介词短语充当宾补。5. I will help you to learn English.我将帮助你学英语tolearn English是宾补，用来说明 you。动词不定式短语充当 宾补。6. Keep the water boiling for ten minutes.保持水沸腾 10分钟。boiling是宾补，用来说明the water。现在分词充当 宾补。7. She had had the water delivered from the pump to her house.她让人把这水从泵那儿运到她家。delivered是宾补，用来说明water。过去分词充当宾补。主语补足语，以下简称主补顾名思义，是对主语的 补充，使得句子更加完整。请看下面的例句，并注意观察 谓语动词的语态：1. He was called Jack. 他曾被人称为杰克。Jack是主补。2. I was made angry.我被人气坏了。 angry 是主补。3. The book was put there.那本书曾被放在那里。there是主补。4. The book was thrown into a dustbin.那本书曾被扔进垃圾箱。into a dustben 是主补。5. The boy was made to work hard 10 hours a day. 那男孩 曾被迫一天干 10小时的重活。to work hard 是主补。6. The water was kept boiling for ten minutes.水被保持沸腾10分钟。boiling是主补。7. The cup was found broken.茶杯被发现已打破了。broken是主补。可以看生，这些含有主补的句子都是被动语态。也就是 说，一个含有宾补的句子，如果转换成被动语态，那么原 来的宾补就变成了主补。与宾补一样，主补也是不能丢掉 的。但是还有一类主补不是由现在被动语态的句子中，例如：1. He left home a poor worker ten years ago and cameback a rich business man.十年前他离家时是个穷工人，但回来时已是富有的生意人。a poor worker和a rich business man 均是主补。2. His father died young.他的父亲死得早。young是主补。