高考英语 核心考点突破 动名词、不定式

核心考点突破考点1非谓语动词的句法功能 成分非谓语主语表语宾语定语状语宾语补足语不定式动名词现在分词过去分词考点2作主语和表语的区别1.动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作，而不定式作主语表示具体动作；动名词作主语或通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验说明主语的内容或性质，不定式作主语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。 如：Smoking is forbidden here.It is not very good to smoke so much.2.不定式作表语和动名词作表语的区别同上。3.作表语的现在分词和过去分词相当于形容词，表示主语的性质。如：The film is moving.Im surprised to find that he is copying my composition.考点3作宾语的区别1.只带不定式作宾语的动词：afford,promise,refuse,expect,hope,learn,offer,wish,want,fail,plan,agree,forget,like,prefer,decide,manage,try,arrange,determine,desire等。下列动词后可接疑问词+不定式：teach,decide,wonder,show,learn,forget,ask,find,out,advise,discuss等。 2.只带动名词作宾语的动词：suggest,finish,avoid,stop,cant help,mind,enjoy,require,practise,miss,escape,pardon,advise,consider,imagine,keep,appreciate,eacape,permit。另外，下列动词短语接动名词：leave off,put off,give up,look forward to,feel like,have trouble/difficulty(in)doing sth.,devote to,get used to,pay attention to,be fond of,be worth。考点4作定语的区别1.不定式与被修饰的名词在逻辑上有动宾关系、主谓关系、同位关系。She is now looking for a room to live in.There is no one to look after her.Do keep your promise to write to me.下列词语后常接不定式作定语：chance,wish,right,courage,need,promise,time,opportunity,way,the first,the second,the last,the only等。2.动名词作定语表示用途。如：a washing machinea swimming pool3.作定语的现在分词和过去分词相当于形容词，说明被修饰名词的性质。如：an interesting storya shocked girl考点5作状语的区别1.不定式作状语，修饰动词，在句中表示行为目的、结果、原因。不定式作结果状语常用only to do的形式，表示出人意料的结果。如： We hurried to the classroom only to find none there.另外，enough.to,too.to,so/such.as to 等结构中的不定式作结果状语，如：The girl was so kind as to help the old man off the bus.Im not such a fool as to believe that.不定式用在一个形容词的后面常作原因状语，如：Im sorry to say that.2.现在分词在句中作时间、原因、伴随、条件、结果等状语。作时间状语时分词前面可加when,while等,现在分词作结果状语常表示自然而然的结果。Hearing the good news,he jumped with great joy.Not having finished her work in time,the boss fired her.Seeing nobody at home,he decided to leave them a note.The girls came in,following their parents.The poor old man died,leaving nothing to his children.注意：现在分词作状语的几个特性。1)时间性。与谓语动词同时发生，用一般式，如发生在谓语动作之前时则用完成式having done。2)语态性。与句子的主语之间的关系，是主谓关系或动宾关系。3)人称一致性。分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。3.过去分词作状语，相当于一个状语从句，说明原因、时间、条件等。Tired by the trip,he soon feel asleep.=Because he was tired by the trip,he soon fell asleep.Lost in thought,he almost ran into a car.=As he was lost in thought,he almost ran into a car.Seen from the hill,the city looks like a garden.=When the city is seen from the hill,it looks like a garden.Given more time,I would have worked out the problem.=If I have been given more time,I would have worked out the problem.The teacher came in,followed by some students.=The teacher came in and was followed by some students.4.分词短语作状语时，通常与主句中的主语在逻辑上一致，但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构。如：Her grandfather being ill,she had to stay at home looking after him.考点6作宾语补足语的区别1.带不定式作宾语补足语的动词：see,watch,notice,hear,listen to,observe,feel,taste,smell,make,let,have,ask,require,tell,order,force,get,want,like+sb.todosth.,think/judge/suppose/believe/consider/imagine/consider/feel+sb.+to be/to have done,call on/upon/depend on/wait for/ask for+sb.+to do sth.2.带现在分词作宾语补足语的动词：see,watch,notice,hear,listen to,observe,feel,taste,smell,catch,have,leave等，表示动作正在进行或一直持续或看(听)到的是部分动作。3.带过去分词作宾语补足语的动词：see，watch，hear，make，get，have，leave等。考点7不定式的完成式1.表示不定式中谓语动词发生的动作先于主句的谓语动词发出的动作。The novel was said to have been published.I regret to have been with you for so many years.seem,appear,be said,be supposed,be believed,be thought,be known,be reported等动词常用于上面句型。此外，glad,happy,satisfied,sorry,surprised,disappointed后也接完成时，但要注意与一般时的区别。 Im sorry to keep you waiting for a minute.对不起，请稍等。(说话时还未等) Im sorry to have kept you waiting.对不起，让你久等了。(说话时已等了很久) 2.不定式的完成式还可表示“过去本想做某事但未做”的虚拟语气。1)should like to/would like to/would love to+不定式的完成式。2)was/were to+不定式的完成式，表示该做某事或想做但未实现。3)expect/hope/mean/promise/suppose/think/want/wish+不定式完成式，表示过去未曾实现的愿望。 考点8不定式的省略1.同一结构并列，由and或or连接。 I want to finish my homework and go home.Im really puzzled what to think or say.特例：To be or not to be,this is a question.He is better to laugh than to cry.(表示对比)2.不定式作表语，其前面的主语从句中含有do时，后面的to省略。 What he did was lose the game.3.句中含有动词do时，but，except，besides，such as等后面to可省略。即“前有do,后省to”。 Dont do anything silly,such as marry him.4.主句含有不定式，后面有rather than,rather than后省to。 5.Why not，had better，would rather，cant but等词后省to。He could not but walk home.考点9不定式的替代多用在同一句或联系紧密的对话中，为了避免重复，作宾语或主补，宾补的不定式再次出现时，to后的内容常承前省略(只保留to即可)。但如果承前省略的不定式有助动用的have或be任何形式，后应该保留原形be或have。如：Susan is not what she used to be.You came late last night.You ought to have finished your homework.I know I ought to have.常见的有：Id like/love/be happy to.注意：非谓语动词的用法是高中阶段的又一个难点，内容较多，很细，但一定要掌握这样几方面：一是非谓语动词的形式，包括一般式和完成式及其它们的被动形式和否定形式；二是非谓语动词所能充当的成分。在平时阅读和练习中要注意体会它们在语境中的用法。