新高二暑期复习巩固

新高二暑期复习巩固必修三Module 1be located/ situated ( on/ in / to) = lie/ stand (on/ in/ to)位于的；坐落于的；处于地位（状态的）我们学校坐落于一个美丽的地方，周围有青山绿水环绕。Our school is situated in the beautiful place, with green mountains and clear rivers around. situation n. 立场；局势；形势 in a situation 处于.状况中；在形势下 1). In the present situation, I wouldnt advise you to sell your house. 在目前的形势下， 2). Youre putting me in a very embarrassing situation. 你使我处于非常尴尬的境地。 3). With no rain for three months and food supplies running out, the situation here is getting worse.三个月无雨，食品供应也将消耗殆尽，这里情况越来越糟糕了。2.face1). face up to 勇敢面对（接受并处理） (be) faced with 面对；面临 face (to the) south/north/east/west 面朝南/北/东/西 2). face to face 面对面(地) in (the) face of 面对；在面前 make a face at 向做鬼脸 save/lose face 保全/丢面子 to ones face 当着某人的面 stare sb. in the face 盯着某人 turn red in the face 涨红了脸be+过去分词+介词（这些词作状语或定语时用ed形式,be 去掉）be faced with； be compared withbe seated； be hidden；be lost / absorbed/occupied in be abandoned/ addicted to（沉溺于）； be born； be dressed ； be tired of （厌烦）等表示 “某物在哪个方向”可用 south/north/east/west等，构成以下几种表达方式。(1). is in the south of 在的南部（在内部） is on the south of 在的南边（接壤） is to the south of 在以南（在外部） is south of 在的南部（不指明在内部还是外部）(2). 把表示方位、地点的介词或副词短语放在句首，句子用完全倒装语序。.Jiangsu is on the south of Shandong. South of Shandong is Jiangsu.East of our school lies a railway.倍数表示法： asasA is (more than) times -er than B 倍数 the N. of size, length, height, weight主谓一致三原则：语法一致的原则： 语法一致的原则是指主语为单、复数与谓语动词要相呼应。但要注意一些特殊情况；1）以along with, together with, with, as well as, accompanied by, rather than, but, except 连接的两个主语，其谓语的单复数以第一个主语为主。例如：Several passengers, together with the driver, were hurt.2）表示时间，重量，长度，价格等的复数名词，作主语从整体来看时，谓语动词用单数。例如：Fifty years is not a long time.3） 非谓语动词，从句或其他短语作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：Early to bed and early to rise is healthful.4）如果主语是由and连接的两个单数名词，但前面有each, every, no 等词修饰时，谓语用单数。例如： Every boy and girl in this region is taught to read and write.意义一致的原则： 意义一致的原则指谓语动词的单复数取决于主语所表达的概念，而不取决于表面的语法标志，主要表现为某些集体名词后可跟动词单数或复数。如果这些集体名词指整体概念时，谓语动词用单数；指具体成员时用复数。例如：The population of the earth is increasing very fast. 类似这样的集体名词有： family, class, audience, committee （委员会）, crowd, crew, group, party, population, team, public, council （理事会）, village等。就近原则： 所谓就近原则是指谓语动词单复数取决于离它最近的词语，而无须考虑其他的词。1） 以eitheror, or, neithernor和not onlybut also连接的两个主语，其谓语的单复数形式应与离谓语最近的主语保持一致。例如：Either you or he has to go there with me. 2） 由there或here引起的主语，而又不止是一个时，采取就近原则。例如： Here is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper for you.谓语动词用单数的情况：many a more than one Many a student was deeply moved by the film.Every and every/noand no/eachand each Each boy and each girl has seen the film.one and a halfaor two One and a half bananas was eaten by that monkey.nobody, everything, no one, something Everything was prepared.a/the (and) 指同一人、事物或概念 The League secretary and monitor has come.钱、时间、长度等 $300 is not enough for us to travel.the number of The number of the books is 37.a great deal of / a large amount of A large amount of money was spent. to do/ doing 作主语When and where to build the factory is not decided.谓语动词用复数的情况：a great number of (a great) many/ a few A great number of trees have been planted .large quantities of Large quantities of land were destroyed.people, police, cattle(牛) The police say they have caught the thieves.谓语动词用单/复数的情况：the rest (of )/ some Give you a glass of water, and the rest is left for me. Some students are cleaning the floor and the rest are washing the windows. the family, the class, the group, team, public, means, sheep, deer, The class consists of 20 boys and 20 girls. The class are doing experiments. the population The population is increasing fast. Two thirds of the population here are farmers. all All worksout well.All are eager to reach an agreement. What 从句/ 倒装句 What we need is water. What we need are books. 定语从句 He is the only one of the students who has been to Shanghai. He is one of the students who have been to Shanghai.as well as, (together) with, like(像), but, rather than, including He, rather than you, is to blame. The mother tiger, together with her baby tigers is playing on the grass. Nobody but we knows the matter. not only but also neithernor or There be Either you or he is to be sent abroad. Are either you or he to be sent abroad? There is a table and two desks.必修三Module21. till ：直到up to sth be fit for ：胜任be busy in doing sth ：忙着做be up to sb=be left to sb to decide ：由决定/ 负责1）I can take up to four people in my car. 我的汽车最多能做四个人2）I have never heard from her up to now. 我至今也没有她的音讯。3）Whats he up to ? 他在忙什么？4) Its up to you to decide where we go for a picnic.由你决定我们应去哪儿野餐。5）李平不能胜任他的工作。Li Ping is not up to his job.6)这个帐篷至多能睡十人。Up to ten people can sleep in this tent.2. measuremeasure sth in/by sth用来衡量，用来计算 take measures to do采取措施做某事1）People in Los Angels measure distance in time, not miles.翻译洛杉矶人用时间来计算（两地）距离而不是用英里数。2）The Chinese government is taking effective measuresto develop the economy.中国政府正在采取强有力的措施来发展经济。3. sure1) make sure表示“务必”，“确信”，“弄明白”，后面常接 of/about sth.或that引导的宾语从句。 Make sure(that) you will arrive there on time. 你务必准时到这。 I know theres a train this afternoon, but I must make sure of the time.我知道今天下午有列火车，但我必须弄清楚(发车)时间。2）be sure of, be sure that 对有把握，对确定，确信Can we be sure of his honesty. /Can we be sure that he is honest? 我们能相信他是诚实的？ Im sure of winning the game. 我有把握能赢得比赛。 3) be sure to do 说话人推测主语“一定；必然会”或 (常用于祈使句)务必做某事He is sure to be back soon. 他一定会很快回来。 Be sure not to forget it. 千万别忘了。 注意：be sure of 与be sure to do的区别： .He is sure of his success. =He is sure that he will succeed. 他确信他会成功。 .He is sure to succeed. 他一定会成功。(说话人的看法) . Be sure to write and tell me all your news. 务必来信把你所有情况都告诉我。另外，常见的与sure相关的短语还有：be sure of oneself 有自信心，for sure的确；确实地， sure enough果真，果然。 用于口语，此时的“Sure.”相当于“Of course.” 与“Certainly.”。 4. From the agreement came the Human Development Report. 表示方位或方式的副词和介词短语放在句首用完全倒装, 即谓语动词完全置于主语之前。At the foot of the mountain lies a small village. 在山脚下有一个小村庄。Out rushed the children. 孩子们冲了出去。 Here comes the bus. 车来了。(To the) south of our school stand many shops. 【部分倒装】only修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句，放于句首否定副词never, nor, not, hardly, little, seldom等放于句首 so+adj/adv+(倒装)+ that1. Only when he returned did we find out the truth (We found out the truth only when he returned.)2. Never before have I seen such a moving film.(I have never seen such a moving film before)3. So clearly does he speak English that he can always make himself understood.(He speaks English so clearly that)5. figure n./v.1).He had always looked upon Sarah as a kind of mother figure. 形象2).How does she manage to keep her figure when she eats so much? 体形3).He was the outstanding political figure of his time. 人物 v. 4).I figured that he was drunk and shouldnt be allowed to drive. 认为5).It took me hours to figure those problems out. 分析；想出6).Women. I just cant figure them out. 理解7).Many economists have been figuring out what makes China develop so fast. 分析8).指望figure on6 S.+ be + adj. + to do easy/ good/ safe/comfortable/ dangerous/hard/ difficult1).The water is not pure to drink (drink)2).He needs a chair comfortable to sit on.(sit )3).The young man felt the room cold to live in (live) 必修三Module 31.occur 过去式occurred 过去分词occurred1)发生，出现Earthquakes occur frequently in this area. 2) sth occur to sb某人想到，某事浮现脑海It never occurred to me that he might be in trouble. A brilliant idea occurred to me. 【回忆“发生”】.A big earthquake occurred /happened in the south of China last month. .It occurred to me that she didnt know I had moved into the new house. .I happened to see him on my way home. = It happened that I saw him on my way home. . A fire broke out in the hospital in the mid-night. . After the flood, diseases broke out here and there. .Great changes have taken place in our hometown during the past ten years.How did it come about that such a short journey took such a long time.wordsmeaningsoccur偶然发生；突然想起 It occurred to sb. that .happen偶然发生；碰巧 It happened that / sb. happen to do sth.break out(战争、火灾、疾病、争吵) 突然爆发take place(有计划地)发生; 举行 strike 打击，撞击，（雷电，暴风雨等）袭击， 过去式struck 过去分词struck / strickenThe clock struck five. 敲打A powerful earthquake struck the island early this morning. 袭击I was struck by its beauty. 被打动At this point, it suddenly struck me that I was wasting my time. 浮现; 使人想起【注意区分】strike, hit, beat, knockstrike “(钟)敲打，撞击，袭击”， 表示有力的打一下。beat 连续地打，心脏的跳动，在游戏、竞赛或战争中击败对方，也可表示殴打，体罚。hit 瞄准某物而击中。也可表示“袭击”knock 用拳头或硬的东西“敲、击、打必修二Module 4strength n.【辨析】：strength, force, energy, power Union is strength. Knowledge is power.I shall do everything in my power to help you. (注：尽力帮助do everything in ones power to do).The law remains in force. （法律仍旧有效。）.Young people usually have more energy than the old.【总结】：wordsmeaningsstrength着重指人的力气，物的强度。force自然力量；暴力，势力；法律，道德，感情力量；军事力量等energy主要指人的精力；自然界的能量power用途最广，包括能力，功能；事物的力量；职权，权力或政权sothat/ such that.so that 引导结果状语从句so+ adj./ adv. + that 从句他跑的如此快，没人能赶上他。He runs so fast that nobody can catch up with him.so+ adj.+ a/an+n.+that 从句他是这么好的一个男孩，我们大家都喜欢他。He is so good a boy that all of us like him.so+many/much/little/few+n.+that从句他如此博学，所以被大学录取。He has so much knowledge that he is admitted into the college.suchthat引导结果状语从句such+a/an +adj.+n. +that从句他是这么好的一个男孩，我们大家都喜欢他。He is such a good boy that all of us like him.such+ adj. +复数名词/不可数名词+that从句天气如此好，我们都想去公园散步。It is such fine weather that we want to take a walk in the park.【特别注意】：so little (少)+n./ such little (小)+n. (用so或such填空)He earned so little money that he couldnt support his family.It is not surprising that such little worms eat so little grain.当so 或such 置于句首时，主句要用倒装语序。 这个男孩如此害怕， 以至于不知该怎么做。The boy was so frightened that he didnt know what to do.改为倒装句：So frightened was the boy that he didnt know what to do.appear to/ It appears that He is only forty , but appears to be (be) quite old. It appears to me thatThe girl appears to have known (know) it. 这女孩好像已经知道了这件事。It appears to me that you are all mistaken. 我觉得你们全错了。 make +it + adj. + to do The heavy rain made it impossible for us to get there on time. (这场大雨使我们不可能按时到达那里了)。His explanation made it easy for us to understand the text. (他的解释使我们理解课文容易了)【拓展】 make + it +n. +to doHe made it a rule to read aloud and recite ten English words every morning.( 他把每天早晨大声朗读，背10 个英语单词作为一项规定)to do不定式结构 : to do (否定) not to do 时态与语态主动语态被动语态一般式to do to be done进行式to be doing -完成式to have done to have been done 完成进行式to have been doing-用法(1). 主To see is to believe.Its important to learn .不定式作主语时,往往放在谓语之后,用it作形式主语.(2). 表My job is to help the patient.Your task is to clean the classroom.(3) 宾I want to go home.The workers demanded to get better pay.I found it necessary to talk to him again.think/ consider/ find it + adj.+ to do 常用动词不定式作宾语的动词有：hope, refuse, learn, set outchoose, decide, agree, manage, pretend, plan. (4). 宾warn, tell, allow, help, ask, forceThe teacher told me to clean the blackboard.I expect you to give me some help.五看watch see look at observe notice三使let make have二听listen to hear一感觉: feel不定式用在介词but, except, besides后时,如果这些介词前有行为动词do的各种形式,那么介词后的不定式不带to,相反则带to.She could do nothing but cry.I have no choice but to go.What do you like to do besides sleep.注：在cant but ，cant help but ，cant choose but （意思是不得不，只能，只好），的结构后， 不定式不带to(5). 定语I have something to say.He has a lot of homework to do .He is looking for a room to live in .There is nothing to worry about.(如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词,则不定式中要有介词.)不定式作定语时，应放在被修饰词的后面，而且放在其他后置定语之后。不定式做定语与所修饰的词之间有三种关系：动宾关系 I have a lot of work to do.我有很多工作要做。主谓关系He is always the first to come.他总是第一个来。同位关系We all have a chance to go to college.我们都有上大学的机会。不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点工具等，即使是及物动词，不定式后面仍须有相应的介词。 不定式所修饰的名词如果是time, place或way，不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去。 He had no money and no place to live.他没钱没地方住。something, anything, nothing, everything等复合不定代词常用不定式做后置定语。注意比较：Do you have anything to send?你有什么东西要寄吗？（不定式to send的动作执行者是you）Do you have anything to be sent? 你有什么要（我或别人）寄的东西吗？（不定式to be sent的动作执行者是已被省略的me或someone else）(6) 状I came here to see you.He got up early to catch the train.in order to , so as to ,enough to ,only to , too.to.,(7).独立结构To tell the truth, I dont agree with you.to be frank, to be honest, to tell the truth关于小品词to 不定式中的动词上文已出现过,下文要省略该动词.eg: Would you like to go with me ? Id like to .不定式是to be 结构, be 不可省.eg: Would you like to be a teacher? Id like to be.不定式与疑问词who,which, when, how, what 等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语等。He didnt know what to say.他不知道说什么。(宾语) How to solve the problem is very important.如何解决这个问题很重要。(主语) My question is when to start.我的问题是什么时候开始。(表语)注意：在与why连用时，只用于why或why not开头的简短疑问句中，后面紧跟的动词不定式不带to。Why not have a rest?固定句型:had better/had best + (not) do sth. 最好（不）做某事Why (not) do sth.?prefer to do/prefer doingprefer n./doing to n./doing prefer to do rather than (to) do would rather (not) do sth.would rather do than (do) would rather sb. did（虚拟语气） 要做(1).They pretended not to see us.(一般式表示与谓语的动作同时/几乎/发生在它之后.)(2). He pretended to be sleeping.(在谓语动词发生的同时,不定式的动作也正在进行)(3).She pretended to have known it before.(完成式表示动作发生在谓语动作之前)(4).Were happy to have been working with you.(完成进行式表示谓语动作发生之前,不定式的动作一直在进行而且可能之后也继续)必修三Module 51. equal adj./ v. 平等的；等于；比得上 adv. equally n. equality 1) Women demand equal pay for equal work . (翻译)妇女要求同工同酬。2) Everyone is born equal in the world. (翻译)在这个世界上，每个人生来都是平等的。3) None can equal him in strength. 在力气方面没有人比得上他。4)He is equal to this task./ He is equal to doing this task 他能胜任这项工作。2. order n. & v. 秩序，顺序，命令，订购，eg.1)Then they called out our names in order and we answered yes or no . (翻译) 然后他们按顺序点我们的名字，我们回答对错。phrases out of order 无序的，杂论无章的 in order (of) 以顺序in order to 为了 in order that 为了 place an order with sb for sth 向某人订购某put in order 按顺序排列，整齐摆放替代词one, ones, that, those, those代替同名异物可数名词 = the ones that替换单数可数名词(=the one)或不可数名词；one只替换单数的可数名词。that/those一般不带前置定语，但必须有后置定语。one/ones都可。当替换词的后置定语用所有格的of短语或当替换词被所有格修饰时，不用one/ones而用that of/those of.必修三Module 6accommodate sb. with sth. 提供某人某物accommodate to sth. 适应，顺应accommodate oneself to sth. 使自己适应于accommodate sb. for (the night) 留某人(过夜)provide accommodations for 为提供膳宿date from = date back to 起源于，追溯到 常用一般现在时态，且无被动语态，作非谓语时， 用doing。这个城堡建于古罗马时代。 The castle dates from / back to ancient Roman times.1).过时out of date 2). 最新up to date必修四Module1倒装句(1). all, both, every, everyone, everything 与not 连用时，表示部分否定。 (2). none, no( nobody, nothing) ,neither等词可表达全部否定。 马路的两侧都没有植树。There are no trees on both sides of the road.shapebe in bad/good shape 情况还处于混乱/有序状态,健康情况(不)佳; take shape成形,有显著发展;in the shape of 以.的形状形式 out of shape变走样,不成样子身体不舒服, 生病; runrun across 偶然发现,偶然碰到; run into偶然遇见，偶然发现,与相撞in the long run/term从长远看，从最终结果来看; in the short run 在不远的将来run out= give out耗尽，用光(vi.) / run out of = use up (vt.)relyrely/depend on/upon (sb/sth to do sth) 依靠,信任,信赖rely on it that指望【拓展】depend on/upon依靠; 由.而定, 取决于; That (all)depends. =It all depends. 口要看情况而定类似功能单词- like/ hate/ appreciate/ see to (it) that确保；确定attach attach sth to sth把系/缚在; attach importance to sth 重视be attached to sb/sth依恋，留恋，爱慕某人/事物charge n. 费用, 主管v. 收费(1).charge sb money for sth/ doing sth为收某人钱(sb.) take charge of 负责，管理(v.) (sb. +be) in charge of(prep.)(sth. +be) in the charge of sb. 由负责，管理free of charge 免费(2).charge sb with sth 因某事控告某人=accuse sb. of sth.commandcommand/order sb to do sth command/order (that) sb (should) do sth（_v_? + that (从句用should+v原形) 一坚持要求：insist； 二命令：order, command; 三建议：suggest(建议), propose, advise; 四请求：demand，desire, request, require）将来进行时由“will / shall + be + doing”构成，具体用法如下：(1) 表示将来某时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作。常与soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, in two days, tomorrow evening等表示将来的时间状语连用。如：I will be having an English class at 8 tomorrow. 我明天八点钟正在上英语课。Mary will be working in the factory in the next two months. 下两个月玛丽将在这个厂里工作。At 7:00 this evening I will be watching the news programs on TV. 今晚七时，我将正在收看电视新闻节目。This time tomorrow I shall be flying to New York. 明天这个时候我将飞往纽约。(2) 表示预料不久要发生或将来的某种可能性，说话人往往有“我料想”或“我估计”的含义。We believe that peasants life will be getting better and better. 我们相信农民的生活会越来越好。If we dont do so, we shall be making a serious mistake. 如果我们不那样做，我们就会犯严重的错误。(3) 表示亲切或委婉的语气。如：When shall we be meeting again? 我们什么时候再见面？【注意】在时间、条件等状语从句中，用现在进行时代替将来进行时。如： Be careful when you are crossing the street. 过马路时要当心。If Tom is doing his homework when you come back, dont disturb him, please. 你回来时如果汤姆正在做作业，请不要打扰他。必修四Module 2permitpermit (n.) 许可证 permit (v.) 允许，许可 permission (n.) 允许，许可permit/ allow sb. to do doing under的相关短语在考虑中under consideration 在讨论中under discussion 在治疗中under treatment在修理中under repair 在研究中under study 遭受攻击under attackworthbe worth + n doingbe worthy+of sth of being done to be donetimeall the time 一直，始终 time and time again 反复多次at times 有时，偶尔 from time to time 不时，偶尔，间或at no time 在任何时候都不 at all times 随时，总是at a time 每次，一次 at one time 曾经，一度take your time 不用急，慢慢来 ahead of time 提前kill time 消磨时间 in no time 马上一会祈使句祈使句的句式特征祈使句常常是表达说话人对对方的劝告、叮嘱、请求或命令等。因此，祈使句中一般没有主语，但根据其句意，实际上是省略了主语you。祈使句句末用感叹号或句号，朗读时，常用降调。在表达请求或劝告时，在祈使句前或句末可加, 上please，以使句, 子的语气更加缓和, 或客气。祈使句一般没有时态的变化，也不能与情态动词连用。例如：Keep off the grass!勿踩草地！Put the boxes in the small room.把那些盒子放到那个小房间里。祈使句的肯定句式祈使句的肯定句式一般分为以下三种类型：行为动词原形其他成分。例如：Make sentences after the model.根据例句造句。Be动词其他成分（形容词、名词或介词短语等）。例如：Be careful when crossing the street.过马路时要小心。Let, 宾语动词原, 形, 其他, 成分, 。例如：Let him go back now.让他现在回去吧。祈使句的否定句式祈使句的否定句式，通常情况下在句首加上Dont或Never，一般分为以下四种类型：在祈使句的肯定句式前加Dont，构成“Dont行为动词原形其他成分”。例如：Dont say that again!别再那样说了！在Be动词引起的肯定祈使句前加Dont，构成“Dont be其他成分（形容词、名词或介词短语等）”。例如：Dont be careless.不要粗心。注意：在这种句型中be不能省略；否定副词not不可置于be之后。Let引起的祈使句的否定形式有两种：Let开头的祈使句，如果后面跟第一、第三人称名词或代词的宾格，可在Let前加Dont，也可在Let后宾格的名词或代词后面加not。如果以Lets开头的祈使句，必须在Lets后加not。例如：Dont let me go with her tomorrow. Let me not go with her tomorrow.不要让我明天跟她一起去。Lets not tell her the truth whenever we meet her.无论什么时候我们碰到她，都不要告诉她真相。在公共场合的提示语中，否定祈使句常用“No名词/V-ing形式”结构，表示“禁止做某事”。例如：NO PHOTOS! 禁止拍照！祈使句的反意问句祈使句的反意疑问句须按其句子结构及讲话人的语气来决定其疑问部分。通常有以下三种式：祈使句为肯定句式，其反意疑问句表示请求时，通常用will you；表示邀请、劝说时，用wont you。例如：Be sure to write to us, will you?你一定要给我们写信，好吗？Come to have dinner with us this evening, wont you?今晚来和我们一起吃饭，好吗？祈使句为否定句式，其反意疑问句通常只用will you。例如：Dont smoke