1 The Parts of Speech(词类)

1 The Parts of Speech（词类）IntroductionMary is talking to her new neighbour.玛莉和她的邻居在对话中都使用了cries这字词，邻居的cries是名词，玛莉的cries则是动词，它们是属于不同的词性。Grammar PointA英文词类传统上可分为八大类：名词nouns，代词pronouns，动词verbs，形容词adjectives，副词adverbs，介词prepositions，连词conjunctions，和感叹词interjections。有学者另外再加一项词类：限定词determiners。1名词nouns 表达人物、物件或地方的词类，例如：apple, boy, tree, Mary, Hong Kong等。 E.g. Mary has bought some food at supermarket. A boy is sitting under a tree.2代词pronouns 代替名词的词类，例如：I, he, she, one, who, which等。 E.g. He went to school last Saturday. She has bought a dress. Its a beautiful one. The man who called yesterday wants to buy the house.3动词verbs 表达动作、状况或感觉的词类，例如：eat, run, feel, is, have等。 E.g. I swim every day. David has bought a sport car. She feels very tired. It is hot today.4形容词adjectives 修饰名词noun的词类，例如：hot, cold, beautiful, heavy, fat等。 E.g. I feel very thirsty. I need some cold water. This is a beautiful dress. It is hot today. I am sweating.5副词adverbs 修饰动词verb和形容词adjective的词类，例如：quickly, slowly, beautifully, carefully等。 E.g. The old man walks slowly. He speaks to her gently. She studies quietly at library. They left the burning building quickly.6介词prepositions 表达名词noun或代名词pronoun的位置、时间、方向等的词类，例如：in, on, at, with, of, into, between, behind等。 E.g. I swim in a pool. Please put the book on my desk. She studies quietly at library. The frog jumped into the pond.7连词conjunctions 连接字、片语或句子的词类，例如：and, or, but, when, if, because, unless等。 E.g. He failed the test because he didnt study. I like apple and orange. She is pretty but mean.8感叹词interjections 表达句子感情的词类，例如：Oh, Hurrah, Alas, Ouch等。 E.g. “Hurrah!” they shouted as the team scored again. Alas! Her only son was killed in the war. Ouch! That hurt me. oh, my dear!9限定词determiners 用于名词前面，用来限定名词，例如：a, an, the, each, every, all, both等。 E.g. The cat has just caught a mouse. Each boy has a hat. He enjoyed every minute of his holiday. All the people you invited are coming.B同一个字词word，可以属于不同的词类，甚至可以有不同的意思，这要视这个字词在句子sentence中的位置。 E.g. She has got on a bus. (bus: noun) He is standing at a bus stop. (bus: adjective) She carries a book. (book: noun) He books two tickets. (book: verb) He finished the race in ten seconds. (second: noun) He lives on the second floor. (second: adjective)C一些字词属于不同的词类，但有共同的字根。 E.g. 字根：ease It is easy to do this sum. (easy: adjective) She did the sum easily. (easily: adverb) The injection eased her pain. (ease: verb) The injection brought her immediate ease. (ease: noun)Common ErrorsHe sings bad.He sings badly.She has a softly voice.She has a soft voice.Please cleanly the floor.Please clean the floor.My uncle lives in Chinese.My uncle lives in China.He is an interest person.He is an interesting person.They swim very good.They swim very well.The doctor adviced her to take a complete rest.The doctor advised her to take a complete rest.The law is no longer effect.The law is no longer effective.I like swim.I like swimming.She hanged the picture on the wall.She hung the picture on the wall.Exercise【Level 1】Exercise 1.1Find out the parts of speech of the following words.E.g. tram: noun 1happy: 2they: 3Oh: 4him: 5at: 6but: 7play: 8quietly: 9hungry: 10guitar: 11slept: 12teacher: Exercise 1.2Circle the correct words in the brackets.1Would you (show / as / watch) me your student I.D., please?2It is very (accident / unhappy / lucky) for you to find back your wallet.3(Since / Before / Then) you are sick, stay in bed and have a rest.4My grandpa is a (slowly / of / healthy) old man.5I have lived in Hong Kong (since / for / get) 20 years.6my brother goes to (the / swim / of) every Sunday morning.7I go to school 9and / walk / on) foot almost every day.8Please be (care / careful / carefully) when you write down your personal information on any kinds of forms.9Do you know the (man / happy / doing) standing right there?Exercise 1.3Give the parts of speech of the words in italics. Fill in the brackets with correct letters.A: noun B: verb C: adjective1Use a big hammer for those nails. ( ) ( )2Hammer the nails in the wall and nail the picture on the wall. ( ) ( ) ( )3Bath the baby in the small bath, and dry it with the bath towel. ( ) ( ) ( )4Joeys mother is using an iron to iron her clothes. ( ) ( )5I am not a German but I work in a German firm. ( ) ( )6This plant needs water. You must plant it with care and water it every day. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )7The weather is dry and the well has completely dried up. ( ) ( )8She loves to sit by the spring and watch spring flowers. ( ) ( )9I cant answer this question. Please tell me the answer. ( ) ( )10This gold watch is made of gold that came from China. ( ) ( )Exercise 1.4Allocate the following words to suitable category below.WowwithHurrayandduringdrivebutclockweathermilkeffectpushplayholdmineenjoytheirjumptallskyFridaygoodheathcalendarhappyhappilysleepaffectquietquickly1Nouns: ， ， ， ， 2Verbs: ， ， ， ， 3Adjectives: ， ， 4Prepositions: ， 5Conjunctions: ， 6Pronouns: ， 7Adverbs: ， 8Interjections: ， 【Level 2】Exercise 1.5Circle the mistakes in the sentences and put the correct answers in the blanks.1How old is you? 2He plays piano very good. 3The child is eating an ice-cream happy. 4Do not eat too little snacks. 5The principal in this school is nicey. 6Mary ran very fastly in the competition. 7Please come to hall too time. 8Peter is very laziness. Exercise 1.6Classify the parts of speech of all the underlined words in the following passage. My name is (1) Karen. I am 15 years old. I study in (2) a secondary school. (3)I enjoy my school life because the lessons are (4)very (5)interesting. And there are many activities after school. I like to (6)play volleyball and badminton (7)with my friends. (8)Oh! Examination is coming soon. I have to give up playing after school (9)and concentrate on my study.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ApplicationLook up your dictionary and write down the meaning of the following short forms on the lines. Give two examples for parts of the speech.1n. Eg. , 2adj. Eg. , 3v. Eg. , 4adv. Eg. , 5conj. Eg. , 6prep. Eg. , 7interj. Eg. , 8det. Eg. , 9pron. Eg. , 7