短文改错的命题考点

真诚为您提供优质参考资料，若有不当之处，请指正。短文改错的命题考点： 一）、上下文语义方面的错误 1、反义词这是短文改错中出现频率较高也是短文改错中最具特色的一种错误类型，这类错误必须在透彻理解上下文语义的基础上才能发现并更正。常见的这类错误有：派生反义词。如：encourage-discourage，load-unload，satisfy-dissatisfy等。互补性反义词。如：dead-alive，boy-girl，man-woman，male-female，brother-sister，married-single等。换位性反义词。如：buy-sell，give-receive，lend-borrow，husband-wife，parent-child，left-right等。相对性反义词。如：easy-hard，big-small，cold-hot，old-young，wide-narrow，love-hate等。按上下文语义，行中多用了not或no，或必须添上not或no。 2、连接性词语连接性词语虽属传统的语法题，但其用法主要依据上下文语义上的逻辑关系，即对上下文的理解。短文改错设计中的连接性词语的错误包括：并列连词。如：and，but，for，or等。主从连词。这类词较多，如：because，（al）though，if，unless，before，after，until，as，while，whereas等。连接性副词。如：however，moreover，besides，nevertheless，then，thus等。连接性介词。如：because of，despite，besides，instead of等。 二）、用法搭配方面的错误1、介词介词主要涉及用法与搭配，是短文改错中出现频率最高，也是考生最易失分的一类题型，要在这类题型的辨错改错上有所突破，考生必须注意平时介词用法知识的积累。在改错中，请注意从以下几个方面辨认。介词与动词的搭配。如：accuse sb.of，charge sb. with，prevent sb. from，prohibit sb.from，differ from，contribute to等。介词与名词的搭配。如:count on，influence on，improve on，belief in，confidence in，advantage over，preference over，attitude to，solution to等。介词与形容词的搭配。如：different from，indifferent to，dependent on，independent of，guilty of，innocent of，persistent in，proficient in等。 由介词引起的短语。如：in contrast，in turn，in the long run，by means of，in terms of，on good/bad terms with，on the contrary，by chance，by turns等。 2、成语短文改错的命题标的也常对准各类成语，尤其是成语中的介词、冠词和名词的单复数形式等。这类错误的出现频率也较高。介词错误。如：take pride for（in），abide to（by），persist on（in），have no ear to（for）等。冠词错误。如：in the contrast（in contrast），all of sudden（all of a sudden），keep a pace with（keep pace with）等。名词单复数。如：take turn（take turns），make friend with（make friends with），keep/ break ones words（keep/break ones word）等。 三）、动词方面的错误 1、分词主要是现在分词和过去分词的误用。如：a puzzled questiona puzzling question，an exciting girlan excited girl2、系动词be以外的其他系动词被误用作行为动词，后面应该接形容词作表语，但接了副词。如：The meal smells badly.The meal smells bad. 系动词be在某些形容词前常受汉语影响而被遗漏。这些形容词有afraid，alive，aware，conscious，guilty，worth等。 3.动词的及物与不及物改错中常有不及物动词被误用作及物动词（缺介词），或及物动词被误用作不及物动词（多介词）。前者如：complain the bad service there（应加of）。后者如：consider of hissuggestion（应删of） 4.短语动词主要是带介词或副词的短语动词，常设计成介词或副词小品词的错误。由于这类错误主要是搭配问题，我们将它归入第二类用法搭配方面的错误一并讨论。 5、句型。这类错误主要涉及：动词句型主要是带复杂宾语的动词的固定搭配模式。如：find it neccessary to do th，spendsometime（in）doing sth，make sb.do sth.，leave sth.to sb.，be seen to do/doing sth.等。 传统句型即传统语法概念上与动词有关的句子模式。主要有以下几类:a）省略句型。如While watch TV，they heard someone upstairs shout“Fire! Fire!”（watchwatching） b）动词非谓语形式作主语、宾语。有时需用it作形式主语或形式宾语。如：This is no good arguingwith him.（ThisIt）We think that necessary to have the bridge built first.（thatit） 在复合宾语中，有时可直接用动名词作宾语;动名词或动词不定式可以作主语，但动词原形则不能直接充当句子主语。如: The new policy made to make our ends meet possible.（to makemaking）Know only the rules is not enough.（KnowsKnowing或To know） 6.语气、语态、时态这类错误在数量上所占比例极少，主要是虚拟语气的用法错误、被动语态的误用及过去时与现在时的混用。 四）、近形近义类错误1、近形主要指在拼写上容易混淆的单词。如：adapt-adopt，crash -crush，confirm -conform，desert -dessert，formal -former，ingenious -ingenuous，instance -instant，personal -personnel，principal -principle，stationary -stationery等。 2、近义主要指词义概念相近的词。如：besides -except，doubt -suspect，discover -invent，efficient -effective，noise -voice3、近形近义主要指词义概念和拼写上都容易相混的单词。这类错误比近形或近义较多见，相对难度也略大，这样的单词有：across-cross，affect-effect，econimic-economical，emigrate-immigrate，historic-historical，continual-continuous，assure-ensure-insure-sure，late -later -lately -latest -latter，medical -medicinal，rise -arise -raise -arouse，technique -technology等。 五）、其他语法方面的错误1、词性涉及：名词与动词的误用。如：approvalapprove，salesell名词与形容词的误用。如：medicinemedical/ medicinal，emotionemotional形容词与副词的误用。如：highhighly，meremerely这类错误常出现在be以外的系动词后。如：feel badlyfeel bad，grow uneasilygrow uneasy 2、代词代词错误是短文改错中出现频率较高的几类错误之一，几乎每套试题中都有。主要涉及：指代错误。主要是第三人称代词指代的误用;不定代词one和those与人称代词you和them的混用及指人与指物的误用等。 关系代词的误用。主要为that与which、who与which、as与which的误用;what与that的混用。形式代词it与this、that的误用。如：find this important to preview the lesson（这里的this应改为形式宾语it）。 不定代词的误用。主要为不定代词与指示代词these或人称代词的误用，如somone /sombody、everyone /everybody被误用作复数指代；some-、any-类合成代词与no-类合成代词的混用等。3、名词的数这类错误主要涉及：可数名词与不可数名词概念的混淆；需用复数时误用单数；不规则复数名词的曲折变化形式错误等。如：find a workfind a job，these phenomenonthese phenomena4、冠词主要为：该用冠词时漏用；不该用冠词时赘用；the与a/an误用；a与an混用。如：tell truthtell the truth，give a rise togive rise to5、主谓一致这类错误常被设计在句型较为复杂的结构中，要特别小心。常见以下几种情况：主语较长或谓语动词离主语较远：The child，being taken care of by its grandparents，are deaf and mute.（areis）倒装句：Standing in a line along the corridor is3 groups of young pioneers who will set out on anexpedition.（isare） 定语从句：The book many students found interesting that were written by a famous American scientistcame out only last month.（werewas） 特殊句型：There are no denying the facts and there are no facts that can be turned a blind eye to either.（第一个areis） 6、形容词、副词及其比较级形容词和副词的错误设计主要为：两者的词性混淆；比较级错误。前者已在前面词性部分论及，后者主要涉及比较物与被比较物之间的平行问题。 Error Correction:Directions: This part consists of a short passage. In this passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, one in each numbered line. You may have to change a word, add a word or delete a word. Mark out the mistakes and put the corrections in the blanks provided. If you change a word, cross it out and write the correct word in the corresponding blank, lf you add a word, put an insertion mark in the right place and write the missing word in the blank. If you delete a word, cross it out and put a slash in the blank. 1The World Health Organization (WHO) says its ten-year campaign to remove leprosy (麻风病) as a world health problem has been successful. Doctor Brundtland, head of the WHO, says a number of leprosy cases around the world has S1.been cut of ninety percent during the past ten years. She says S2.efforts are continuing to complete end the disease. S3. Leprosy is caused by bacteria spread through liquid fromthe nose and mouth. The disease mainly effects the skin and S4.nerves. However, if leprosy is not treated it can cause permanentdamage for the skin, nerves, eyes, arms or legs. S5.In 1999, an international campaign began to end leprosy.The WHO, governments of countries most affected by the disease, and several other groups are part of the campaign.This alliance guarantees that all leprosy patients, even they S6. are poor, have a right to the most modern treatment. Doctor Brundtland says leprosy is no longer a disease that requires life-long treatments by medicalexperts. Instead, patients can take that is called a multi-drug therapy. This S7.modern treatment will cure leprosy in 6 to 12 months, depend on the form of the disease. The treatment combines S8.several drugs taken daily or once a month. The WHO hasgiven multi-drug therapy to patients freely for the last five S9.years. The members of the alliance against leprosy plan totarget the countries which still threatened by leprosy. Among S10the estimated 600,000 victims around the world, the WHObelieves about 70% are in India. The disease also remains aproblem in Africa and South America.S1. a the S2. of by S3. complete completely S4. effects affects S5. for to S6. even even if/even though S7. that what S8. depend depending S9. freely free S10. which which are 2Culture refers to the social heritage of a people - the learnedpatterns for thinking, feeling and acting that characterize apopulation or society, include the expression of these patters in S1._material things. Culture is compose of nonmaterial culture- - S2. _abstract creations like values, beliefs, customs and institutionalarrangements - and material culture - physical object like S3. _cooking pots, computers and bathtubs. In sum, culture reflectsboth the ideas we share or everything we make. In ordinary S4. _speech, a person of culture is the individual can speak another S5. _language - the person who is unfamiliar with the arts, music, S6. _literature, philosophy, or history. But to sociologists, to behuman is to be cultured, because of culture is the common world S7. _of experience we share with other members of our group.Culture is essentially to our humanness. It provides a kind S8. _of map for relating to others. Consider how you feel your wayabout social life. How do you know how to act in a classroom,or a department store, or toward a person who smiles or laugh S9. _at you? Your culture supplies you by broad, standardized, S10. _ready-made answers for dealing with each of these situations.Therefore, if we know a persons culture, we can understandand even predict a good deal of his behavior. 1、Include-including 2、Compose-composed 3、Object-objects 4、or-and 5、individual后加who 6、unfamiliar-familiar 7、because 后面的of 去掉8、essentially 改 essential 9、laugh-laughs 10、 by 改 with 3Until the very latest moment of his existence, man has been bound to the planet on which he originated and developed. Now he had the capability to leave that planet 1._ and move out into the universe to those worlds which he has known previously only directly. Men have explored parts of 2._ the moon, put spaceships in orbit around another planet and possibly within the decade will land into another planet and 3._ explore it. Can we be too bold as to suggest that we may be 4._ able to colonize other planet within the not-too-distant 5._ future ? Some have advocated such a procedure as a solution to the population problem: ship the excess people off to the moon. But we must keep in head the billions of dollars we 6._ might spend in carrying out the project. To maintain the earths population at its present level, we would have to blast off into space 7,500 people every hour of every day of the year. Why are we spending so little money on space 7._ exploration ? Consider the great need for improving many 8._ aspects of the global environment, one is surely justified in his concern for the money and resources that they are poured 9._ into the space exploration efforts. But perhaps we should look at both sides of the coin before arriving hasty 10._ conclusions. 1hadhas 表示的时间是现在，一般用于现在时和进行时，故句中的had应该用has。在这一行中有干扰颇大的capability，不少同学熟悉短语be capable of doing something，因而认定capability后应接of doing something，但是capability后面也可接动词不定式。2directlyindirectly 文章一开始就交代人类在科技不发达的昨天，一直被局限在地球上，不能亲临其它的星球。由此可推知人类对太空的了解只能通过肉眼或仪器，这样所得的知识不可能是直接的，所以本行中的directly应改为indirectly，才能符合句意。3intoon 本题所在的意思是：人类有可能在未来的十年内登上别的星球。在星球上一般用介词on，而不是into。例如：Who do you think is the greatest man on the earth? Is there life on Mars? 所以into应改为on。4tooso 本句的意思是：“我们会不会如此地勇敢，以致于”，英语中的相应短语则是so.as to.，例如：Are you so naive as to believe everything in the newspapers? He was so tired as to fall asleep.(他太累了，以致于睡着了。) 因此这一行中的too应改为so。5planetplanets 代词other通常与复数名词连用，因而本句中的planet须用复数planets。6headmind 英语中表示“记住”有两个常用固定短语keep in mind，和bear in mind，所以此行中的head应改为mind。7littlemuch 根据上下文，本句的意思应该是：我们为什么要在太空探索方面花这么多的钱? 但句中却用了little，这与句意不合，因此必须将句中的little改为much。8considerConsidering 本题所在的句子中有两个并列的单句，却明显地没有连接词加以连接，这就需要考虑将其中的一个单句变成短语，根据本句句意和consider的用法特点，最合适的做法就是将动词consider改成considering意为“考虑到.”例如：Considering the result it will bring about, Ill change the plan. Considering his age, he did a good job.考虑到他的年龄，他从事一份不错的工作。9theytheyKG-6mm 本题所在的句子是一个定语从句。定语从句中往往用关系代词指代先行词，关系代词可充当定语从句中的主语或宾语，即本句子中的that就是定语从句的主语，故they是多余的，应去掉。10arrivearrive at英文中表示“得.结论”，可在conclusion(s)前用动词reach, arrive at, come to, draw 等。也就是说arrive是不及物动词，后面必需要有介词at。例如： What conclusion did you finally arrive at? I think he will arrive at a decision by hims elf.我认为他会自己作出决定。4This country is in big trouble and we dont know it. Seventy years before 1. it was illegal to gamble in America. Gambling was considered immorally by 2. our grandparents. Today you can gamble in all but three states, Hawaii, Utahand Tennessee, and states actually encourage its citizens to gamble. Gambling 3. is a big business in America, earning the gaming industry 50.9 billion dollars innet revenue annually.Gambling is very attractive, particularly to people who need money. TheIllinois Lottery did a survey to see who gambles, and found people who madeless than ten thousand dollars a year gamble six times often than those who 4. earn over fifty thousand dollars a year. People know they can win millions byrisk a dollar. A recent program on the Discovery Channel stated that gambling 5. is so attractive that, when the stakes are high, ninety percent of eligible adultsbuy a ticket. Governors go on television and encourage their citizens to bet andtell them how little they can win. But the real odds of winning a state lottery are 6. approximately fourteen million to one, the same odds are being hit by lightningseven times while waiting in the lottery line.Our parents grew up thinking that gambling was wrong, therefore our 7. children are growing up with gambling as easy as going to McDonalds. At the 8. first time in history, gambling is available close to home and now even if inside 9. of the home with the Internet. People can walk to and from work and gamble. Most people who gamble enjoy gambling as a game; its exciting and fun. Butsome citizens are caught up in an addict as powerful as heroin and alcohol. 10. 1. beforeago2. 2.immorallyimmoral3. itstheir4. more(often)5. riskrisking6. littlemuch7. thereforebut8. AtFor9. even ifeven/if10. addictaddiction5Until recently, dyslexia and other reading problems werea mystery to most teachers and parents. As a result, too manykids passed through school without master the printed page. 1. Some were treated as mentally deficient: many were leftfunctionally illiterate (文盲的), unable to ever meet theirpotential. But in the last several years, theres been a revolution in that weve learned about reading and dyslexia, 2. Scientists are using a variety of new imaging techniques to watch the brain at work. Their experiments have shown thatreading disorders are most likely the result of what is, in an effect, 3. faulty wiring in the brainnot lazy, stupidity or a poor home 4. environment. Theres also convincing evidence which dyslexia 5. is largely inherited. It is now considered a chronic problemfor some kids, not just a “phase”. Scientists have alsodiscarded another old stereotype that almost all dyslexies are boys. Studies indicate that many girls are affecting as well 6. and not getting help.At same time, educational researchers have come up 7. with innovative teaching strategies for kids who are havingtrouble learning to read. New screening tests are identifyingchildren at risk before they get discouraged by year of 8. frustration and failure. And educators are trying to get the message to parents that they should be on the alert for thefirst signs of potential problems.Its an urgent mission. Mass literacy is a relative new 9. social goal. A hundred years ago people didnt need to begood readers in order to earn a living. But in the Information Age, no one can get by with knowing how to read well and 10. understand increasingly complex material.S1. master - - masteringS2. that- whatS3. in an effect-去掉anS4. lazy-lazinessS5. which -thatS6. affecting -affectedS7. at same time-same前加theS8. year -yearsS9. relative- relativelyS10. with - without9 / 9