单片机历史外文翻译

毕 业 设 计（论 文） 英 文 翻 译课题名称整车电气系统配电平衡设计系 部电子信息科学系专 业电子信息工程（汽车电子）班 级T883-5学 号20080830526姓 名彭跃进指导教师蒋伟荣2 0 1 2 年 4 月 30 日译 文单片机历史单片机诞生于20世纪70年代末，经历了SCM、MCU、SoC三大阶段。 起初模型1.SCM即单片微型计算机（Single Chip Microcomputer）阶段，主要是寻求最佳的单片形态嵌入式系统的最佳体系结构。“创新模式”获得成功，奠定了SCM与通用计算机完全不同的发展道路。在开创嵌入式系统独立发展道路上，Intel公司功不可没。 2.MCU即微控制器（Micro Controller Unit）阶段，主要的技术发展方向是：不断扩展满足嵌入式应用时，对象系统要求的各种外围电路与接口电路，突显其对象的智能化控制能力。它所涉及的领域都与对象系统相关，因此，发展MCU的重任不可避免地落在电气、电子技术厂家。从这一角度来看，Intel逐渐淡出MCU的发展也有其客观因素。在发展MCU方面，最著名的厂家当数Philips公司。 Philips公司以其在嵌入式应用方面的巨大优势，将MCS-51从单片微型计算机迅速发展到微控制器。因此，当我们回顾嵌入式系统发展道路时，不要忘记Intel和Philips的历史功绩。 嵌入式系统单片机是嵌入式系统的独立发展之路，向MCU阶段发展的重要因素，就是寻求应用系统在芯片上的最大化解决；因此，专用单片机的发展自然形成了SoC化趋势。随着微电子技术、IC设计、EDA工具的发展，基于SoC的单片机应用系统设计会有较大的发展。因此，对单片机的理解可以从单片微型计算机、单片微控制器延伸到单片应用系统。 单片机的应用领域目前单片机渗透到我们生活的各个领域，几乎很难找到哪个领域没有单片机的踪迹。导弹的导航装置，飞机上各种仪表的控制，计算机的网络通讯与数据传输，工业自动化过程的实时控制和数据处理，广泛使用的各种智能IC卡，民用豪华轿车的安全保障系统，录像机、摄像机、全自动洗衣机的控制，以及程控玩具、电子宠物等等，这些都离不开单片机。更不用说自动控制领域的机器人、智能仪表、医疗器械了。因此，单片机的学习、开发与应用将造就一批计算机应用与智能化控制的科学家、工程师。 单片机广泛应用于仪器仪表、家用电器、医用设备、航空航天、专用设备的智能化管理及过程控制等领域，大致可分如下几个范畴： 1.在智能仪器仪表上的应用 单片机具有体积小、功耗低、控制功能强、扩展灵活、微型化和使用方便等优点，广泛应用于仪器仪表中，结合不同类型的传感器，可实现诸如电压、功率、频率、湿度、温度、流量、速度、厚度、角度、长度、硬度、元素、压力等物理量的测量。采用单片机控制使得仪器仪表数字化、智能化、微型化，且功能比起采用电子或数字电路更加强大。例如精密的测量设备（功率计，示波器，各种分析仪）。 2.在工业控制中的应用 用单片机可以构成形式多样的控制系统、数据采集系统。例如工厂流水线的智能化管 3.在家用电器中的应用 可以这样说，现在的家用电器基本上都采用了单片机控制，从电饭褒、洗衣机、电冰箱、空调机、彩电、其他音响视频器材、再到电子秤量设备，五花八门，无所不在。 4.在计算机网络和通信领域中的应用 现代的单片机普遍具备通信接口，可以很方便地与计算机进行数据通信，为在计算机网络和通信设备间的应用提供了极好的物质条件，现在的通信设备基本上都实现了单片机智能控制，从手机，电话机、小型程控交换机、楼宇自动通信呼叫系统、列车无线通信、再到日常工作中随处可见的移动电话，集群移动通信，无线电对讲机等。 5.单片机在医用设备领域中的应用 单片机在医用设备中的用途亦相当广泛，例如医用呼吸机，各种分析仪，监护仪，超声诊断设备及病床呼叫系统等等。 6.在各种大型电器中的模块化应用 某些专用单片机设计用于实现特定功能，从而在各种电路中进行模块化应用，而不要求使用人员了解其内部结构。如音乐集成单片机，看似简单的功能，微缩在纯电子芯片中（有别于磁带机的原理），就需要复杂的类似于计算机的原理。如：音乐信号以数字的形式存于存储器中（类似于ROM），由微控制器读出，转化为模拟音乐电信号（类似于声卡）。 在大型电路中，这种模块化应用极大地缩小了体积，简化了电路，降低了损坏、错误率，也方便于更换。 7.单片机在汽车设备领域中的应用 单片机在汽车电子中的应用非常广泛，例如汽车中的发动机控制器，基于CAN总线的汽车发动机智能电子控制器，GPS导航系统，abs防抱死系统，制动系统等等。 此外，单片机在工商，金融，科研、教育，国防航空航天等领域都有着十分广泛的用途。 学习应用六大重要部分单片机学习应用的六大重要部分 一、总线：我们知道，一个电路总是由元器件通过电线连接而成的，在模拟电路中，连线并不成为一个问题，因为各器件间一般是串行关系，各器件之间的连线并不很多，但计算机电路却不一样，它是以微处理器为核心，各器件都要与微处理器相连，各器件之间的工作必须相互协调，所以需要的连线就很多了，如果仍如同模拟电路一样，在各微处理器和各器件间单独连线，则线的数量将多得惊人，所以在微处理机中引入了总线的概念，各个器件共同享用连线，所有器件的8根数据线全部接到8根公用的线上，即相当于各个器件并联起来，但仅这样还不行，如果有两个器件同时送出数据，一个为0，一个为1，那么，接收方接收到的究竟是什么呢？这种情况是不允许的，所以要通过控制线进行控制，使器件分时工作，任何时候只能有一个器件发送数据（可以有多个器件同时接收）。器件的数据线也就被称为数据总线，器件所有的控制线被称为控制总线。在单片机内部或者外部存储器及其它器件中有存储单元，这些存储单元要被分配地址，才能使用，分配地址当然也是以电信号的形式给出的，由于存储单元比较多，所以，用于地址分配的线也较多，这些线被称为地址总线。 二、数据、地址、指令：之所以将这三者放在一起，是因为这三者的本质都是一样的数字，或者说都是一串0和1组成的序列。换言之，地址、指令也都是数据。指令：由单片机芯片的设计者规定的一种数字，它与我们常用的指令助记符有着严格的一一对应关系，不可以由单片机的开发者更改。地址：是寻找单片机内部、外部的存储单元、输入输出口的依据，内部单元的地址值已由芯片设计者规定好，不可更改，外部的单元可以由单片机开发者自行决定，但有一些地址单元是一定要有的（详见程序的执行过程）。 三、P0口、P2口和P3的第二功能用法：初学时往往对P0口、P2口和P3口的第二功能用法迷惑不解，认为第二功能和原功能之间要有一个切换的过程，或者说要有一条指令，事实上，各端口的第二功能完全是自动的，不需要用指令来转换。如P3.6、P3.7分别是WR、RD信号，当微片理机外接RAM或有外部I/O口时，它们被用作第二功能，不能作为通用I/O口使用，只要一微处理机一执行到MOVX指令，就会有相应的信号从P3.6或P3.7送出，不需要事先用指令说明。事实上不能作为通用I/O口使用也并不是不能而是（使用者）不会将其作为通用I/O口使用。你完全可以在指令中按排一条SETB P3.7的指令，并且当单片机执行到这条指令时，也会使P3.7变为高电平，但使用者不会这么去做，因为这通常会导致系统的崩溃。四、程序的执行过程：单片机在通电复位后8051内的程序计数器（PC）中的值为0000，所以程序总是从0000单元开始执行，也就是说：在系统的ROM中一定要存在0000这个单元，并且在0000单元中存放的一定是一条指令。 五、堆栈：堆栈是一个区域，是用来存放数据的，这个区域本身没有任何特殊之处，就是内部RAM的一部份，特殊的是它存放和取用数据的方式，即所谓的先进后出，后进先出，并且堆栈有特殊的数据传输指令，即PUSH和POP，有一个特殊的专为其服务的单元，即堆栈指针SP，每当执一次PUSH指令时，SP就（在原来值的基础上）自动加1，每当执行一次POP指令，SP就（在原来值的基础上）自动减1。由于SP中的值可以用指令加以改变，所以只要在程序开始阶段更改了SP的值，就可以把堆栈设置在规定的内存单元中，如在程序开始时，用一条MOV SP，#5FH指令，就时把堆栈设置在从内存单元60H开始的单元中。一般程序的开头总有这么一条设置堆栈指针的指令，因为开机时，SP的初始值为07H，这样就使堆栈从08H单元开始往后，而08H到1FH这个区域正是8031的第二、三、四工作寄存器区，经常要被使用，这会造成数据的混乱。不同作者编写程序时，初始化堆栈指令也不完全相同，这是作者的习惯问题。当设置好堆栈区后，并不意味着该区域成为一种专用内存，它还是可以象普通内存区域一样使用，只是一般情况下编程者不会把它当成普通内存用了。英文原文SCM historySCM was born in the late 20th century, 70, experienced SCM, MCU, SoC three stages. First model1.SCM the single chip microcomputer (Single Chip Microcomputer) stage, mainly seeking the best of the best single form of embedded systems architecture. Innovation model success, laying the SCM and general computer completely different path of development. In the open road of independent development of embedded systems, Intel Corporation contributed.2.MCU the micro-controller (Micro Controller Unit) stage, the main direction of technology development: expanding to meet the embedded applications, the target system requirements for the various peripheral circuits and interface circuits, highlight the object of intelligent control. It involves the areas associated with the object system, therefore, the development of MCUs responsibility inevitably falls on electrical, electronics manufacturers. From this point of view, Intel faded MCU development has its objective factors. In the development of MCU, the most famous manufacturers as the number of Philips Corporation. Philips company in embedded applications, its great advantage, the MCS-51 single-chip micro-computer from the rapid development of the micro-controller. Therefore, when we look back at the path of development of embedded systems, do not forget Intel and Philips in History.MCU applicationsSCM now permeate all areas of our lives, which is almost difficult to find traces of the field without SCM. Missile navigation equipment, aircraft, all types of instrument control, computer network communications and data transmission, industrial automation, real-time process control and data processing, extensive use of various smart IC card, civilian luxury car security system, video recorder, camera, fully automatic washing machine control, and program-controlled toys, electronic pet, etc., which are inseparable from the microcontroller. Not to mention the area of robot control, intelligent instruments, medical equipment was. Therefore, the MCU learning, development and application of the large number of computer applications and intelligent control of the scientists, engineers. SCM is widely used in instruments and meters, household appliances, medical equipment, aerospace, specialized equipment, intelligent management and process control fields, roughly divided into the following several areas:1. In the application of Intelligent InstrumentsSCM has a small size, low power consumption, controlling function, expansion flexibility, the advantages of miniaturization and ease of use, widely used instrument, combining different types of sensors can be realized Zhuru voltage, power, frequency, humidity, temperature, flow, speed, thickness, angle, length, hardness, elemental, physical pressure measurement. SCM makes use of digital instruments, intelligence, miniaturization, and functionality than electronic or digital circuits more powerful. Such as precision measuring equipment (power meter, oscilloscope, various analytical instrument).2. In the industrial control application With the MCU can constitute a variety of control systems, data acquisition system. Such as factory assembly line of intelligent control3. In Household Appliances Can be said that the appliances are basically using SCM, praise from the electric rice, washing machines, refrigerators, air conditioners, color TV, and other audio video equipment, to the electronic weighing equipment, varied, and omnipresent.4. In the field of computer networks and communications applications MCU general with modern communication interface, can be easy with the computer data communication, networking and communications in computer applications between devices had excellent material conditions, are basically all communication equipment to achieve a controlled by MCU from mobile phone, telephone, mini-program-controlled switchboards, building automated communications call system, train radio communication, to the daily work can be seen everywhere in the mobile phones, trunked mobile radio, walkie-talkies, etc.5. Microcomputer in the field of medical device applications SCM in the use of medical devices is also quite extensive, such as medical respirator, the various analyzers, monitors, ultrasound diagnostic equipment and hospital beds, etc. call system.6. In a variety of major appliances in the modular applications Designed to achieve some special single specific function to be modular in a variety of circuit applications, without requiring the use of personnel to understand its internal structure. If music integrated single chip, seemingly simple function, miniature electronic chip in the net (the principle is different from the tape machine), you need a computer similar to the principle of the complex. Such as: music signal to digital form stored in memory (like ROM), read by the microcontroller, analog music into electrical signals (similar to the sound card). In large circuits, modular applications that greatly reduce the volume, simplifies the circuit and reduce the damage, error rate, but also easy to replace.7. Microcontroller in the application field of automotive equipment SCM in automotive electronics is widely used, such as a vehicle engine controller, CAN bus-based Intelligent Electronic Control Engine, GPS navigation system, abs anti-lock braking system, brake system, etc. In addition, the MCU in business, finance, research, education, national defense, aerospace and other fields has a very wide range of applications.Application of six important part of learning MCU learning an important part of the six applications 1, Bus: We know that a circuit is always made by the devices connected by wires, in analog circuits, the connection does not become a problem because the device is a serial relationship between the general, the device is not much connection between the , but the computer is not the same circuit, it is a microprocessor core, the device must be connected with the microprocessor, the device must be coordination between, so they need to connect on a lot, as if still analog circuit like the microprocessor and devices in the connection between the individual, the number of lines will be a little more surprising, therefore the introduction of the microprocessor bus 概念 Zhong Each device Gongtong access connections, all devices 8 Shuju line all received eight public online, that is the equivalent of all devices together in parallel, but only this does not work, if there are two devices send data at the same time, a 0, a 1, then, whether the receiver received what is it? This situation is not allowed, so to be controlled by controlling the line, time-sharing the device to work at any time only one device to send data (which can have multiple devices to receive both). Devices data connection is known as the data bus, the device is called line of control all the control bus. Internal or external memory in the microcontroller and other devices have memory cells, the memory cell to be assigned addresses, you can use, distribution, of course, to address given in the form of electrical signals, and as more memory cells, so, for the address allocation The line is also more of these lines is called the address bus.Second, data, address, command:The reason why these three together because of the nature of these three are the same - the number, or are a string of 0 and 1 form the sequence. In other words, addresses, instructions are also data. Instruction: from single chip designer provides a number of commonly used instructions with mnemonic we have a strict correspondence between the developer can not be changed by the MCU. Address: the search for MCU internal, external storage units, input and output port based on the address of the internal unit value provided by the chip designer is good, can not be changed, the external unit can be single chip developers to decide, but there are a number of address units is a must (see procedures for the implementation of the process). Third, P0 port, P2 and P3 of the second function I use: Beginners often on the P0 port, P2 and P3 port I use the second function puzzled that the second function and have a switch between the original function of the process, or have a directive, in fact, the port The second feature is automatic, do not need instructions to convert. Such as P3.6, P3.7 respectively WR, RD signal, when the microchip processing machines external RAM or external I / O port, they are used as a second function, not as a general-purpose I / O port used, so long as a A microprocessor implementation of the MOVX instruction, there will be a corresponding signal sent from the P3.6 or P3.7, no prior use of commands. In fact not as a general-purpose I / O port use is also not a no but (user) not as a general-purpose I / O port to use. You can arrange the order of a SETB P3.7s instructions, and when the MCU execution to the instruction, the also make P3.7 into a high, but users will not do so because this is usually will cause the system to collapse.Fourth, the programs implementation: Reduction in power after the 8051 microcontroller within the program counter (PC) in the value of 0000 , the process is always from the 0000 units started, that is: the system must exist in ROM 0000 this unit , and in 0000 unit must be stored in a single instruction. 5, the stack:Stack is a region, is used to store data, there is no special about the region itself is a part of internal RAM, special access to its data storage and the way that the so-called advanced post out backward first out , and the stack has a special data transmission instructions that PUSH and POP , has a special expertise in its services unit, that is, the stack pointer SP, whenever a PUSH instruction execution, SP on (in the Based on the original value) automatically add 1, whenever the implementation of a POP instruction, SP will (on the basis of the original value) automatically by 1. As the SP values can be changed with the instructions, so long as the beginning of the process to change the value of the SP, you can set the stack memory unit required, such as the program begins, with an MOV SP, # 5FH instructions When set on the stack starting from the memory unit 60H unit. There is always the beginning of the general procedure with such a directive to set the stack pointer, because boot, SP initial value of 07H, 08H This unit from the beginning to stack next, and 08H to 1FH 8031 is the second in the region, three or four working register area, often used, this will lead to confusion of data. Different authors when writing programs, initialize the stack is not exactly the same directive, which is the authors habit. When set up the stack zone, does not mean that the region become a special memory, it can still use the same memory region as normal, but generally the programmer does not regard it as an ordinary memory used.