[英语考试]雅思写作基础课堂补充材料

Helen Yjx, GE雅思写作基础课堂补充材料第一讲 鸭鸭学语34 一、雅思写作综合介绍Task 1（A类）Task 1 (G 类)Task 2（A/G类）考题类型曲线图、柱状图、饼状图、表格等，或流程图和示意图，或两种不同种类的图表组合写信：咨询，投诉，感谢，邀请，道歉，建议，申请等议论或者报告，话题涉及到教育，环境，科技，健康，经济，犯罪，艺术，文化，青少年，政府等考试时间20 minutes20 minutes40 minutes写作字数150 words150 words250 words分值比例1/31/3 2/3文体特征学术写作，无主观句信件来往学术写作，有主观句注意事项考生应特别注意：1需将作文写在答卷上；2 字数如果达不到最低要求将被扣分；3 文章内容如果偏题或者跑题将被扣分；4 任何抄袭(如抄袭其他来源的内容)的作文将被重扣；5 文章如果不完整、内容相互没有关联将被扣分(如在任何部分使用点句或笔记形式)。分数要求移民或读语言学校起码要5分(Modest User)留学需要6分( Competent User)以上法律、传媒、管理等名校的研究生，写作最好达到7分(Good User)二、英文写作基础知识TextParagraphsSentencesClausesWords（一）英语句子的基本成分1、主语：句中要说明的人、事、物，可以由名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式、主语从句来担当。l 主语从句作主语，it作形式主语：(1) 名词性句型：It is often the case/the fact/a well-known fact/a popular (common) belief that(2) 主动句型：It seems thatIt goes without saying that(3) 被动句型It is (generally/widely/extensively/universally/commonly)said/believed/reported/ accepted/announced/estimated/acknowledged thatIt is must be admitted/stressed out thatIt cannot be denied/can be foreseen that(4) 形容词性句型It is obvious/generally arguable/ harmful thatIt is as clear as crystal that不定式作主语，it作形式主语It is +adj./n. (for sb.) to do sth.It is almost impossible to talk of our vivid earth without mentioning the significant roles played by various wild animals.It is not efficient for the commuters to use their private cars to and back from their workplaces.It is hard to imagine the limited distribution provided by the criminal underworld could compete with this tragic figure.2、谓语：用来说明主语的状态、动作或者特征，主要由及物动词、不及物动词、系动词或情态动词+v.原形构成的。使用时，应注意其时态、语态和语气。如：In this competitive society, employment experience and abundant information have become very important features of ordinary students future.Many holders of a high school diploma are taught that the subjects are too academic.It is suggested that the government should take measures as soon as possible to tackle growing traffic. 3、表语：也称之为主补，跟在系动词后面，构成特殊的宾语，通常由名词、代词、形容词、副词、动名词、不定式、表语从句来充当。注意表语从句：The main reason is that tobacco is a silent killer to smokers.Another reason is that more and more young people are under 18 years old who smoke cigarette have been blinded by the deceit of tobacconists.For instance, in Islamic countries, their belief is that the people cant eat pork; they think that pig is not a symbol of spotlessness and pig will sully their holy belief.表语从句的句型有： (1) Another cause/solution/reason/point to be considered is that(2) The first/second/third element/measure to be taken/possible reason/step/ thing to be mentioned/last thing to be shown is that(3) That is why(4) Whyis that(5) A hot topic discussed by people is whether(6) A is to B what C is to DA is to B as C is to D(7) My view/point/focus is that(8)The first/second/third/Another disadvantage of (doing) something is that4、宾语：表示动作行为所作用的对象，跟在及物动词之后。宾语通常由名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式、宾语从句来担当。雅思常用宾语句型： (1)主动句型：Some people think/conclude/assert/(do strongly) believe/hold/point out/maintain/ argue/ deem thatSome people deem thatSome people take it for granted thatWe should admit thatNobody can deny that.(2) 被动句型：Some people are (fully/firmly) convinced that5、定语：放在名词的前面或者名词的后面，用以修饰名词的即为定语。最常见的定语是形容词，其次还有动名词、不定式和定语从句（这是雅思写作中用以拓展句子的重点句型）。6、状语：可以用来修饰形容词、副词、动词或者整个句子。可以由名词、副词、介词短语、分词短语、动词不定式、状语从句来担当。状语种类多达十一种：时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、条件、让步、比较、伴随、评注。在雅思写作中最常用来状语的有副词、状语从句、状语从句省略结构、动词不定式、分词。(1) 副词：Honestly, it is hard for me to give a yes-no answer to this question.(2) 状语从句：Where there is an open mind, there will always be frontier.(3) 状语从句省略结构：If possible, measures should be taken by government to tackle house problems.(4) to do：To solve this problem, people put up forward various solutions.(5) -ing：Technology is developing by leaps and bounds, making it possible for people to live better than ever before.(6) -ed：Being punished severely, the criminals will hesitate before committing crimes next time. 7、同位语：跟在名词的后面，解释说明该名词。一般由名词短语或者that同位语从句来充当。Some people hold the opinion that the Internet is a curse.Museums play a role of education for the simple reason that they provide people with a good opportunity to have a deeper understanding of their own countrys tradition and cultures.University students should bear total expenses for their tuition on the generalization that university students usually earn much more than people without a degree.8、补语：主语补足语（补充说明主语的情况，又称表语）；宾语补足语（补充说明宾语的情况）在雅思写作中常做宾语补足语的有名词、形容词、分词和动词不定式。形容词：Many people find this experience awful.To do: Advertisements often urge people to buy goods they do not need.-ing: They find the wild animals grazing on the grassland. -ed: A host of researchers realized the forests logged. （二）英语句子的基本结构1、S+V（主语+不及物动词）2、S+LV+SC（主语+系动词+主语补足语）3、S+V+O（主语+及物动词+宾语）4、S+V+O2+O1=S+V+O1+Prep.+O2（主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语=主语+谓语+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语）5、S+V+O+OC（主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语）请分析下列句子结构：Lots of things are really difficult to complete by personal power.Thus, it is important to let children get to know significance of cooperation.In conclusion, children ought to learn significance of cooperation and how to work together, in order to better their future.（三）英语句子的结构分类简单句简单、明确，使用泛滥像rap并列句S+V, and/but/or +S+V复合句主句 从属连词+从句三、英文写作基础句型（一）定语从句1、定义：名词、名词短语、部分句子或整个句子后面的从句性修饰成分2、分类：限定性定语从句，非限定性定语从句3、构成：被修饰成分=先行项+关系词+缺少主语/宾语/定语/时间、地点、原因状语的从句4、关系词：关系代词：who, whom, whose, that, which 关系副词：when, where, why介词+which5、定语从句关系词的选择（1）关系词的选择类别限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句先行项人物人物项目句子中的成分+关系词在句子中的成分+关系词不同成分主语：who，that主语：that, which主语who主语which宾语：who, whom, that, /宾语：that, which, /宾语whom, who宾语which定语：whose定语whose定语whose补语which状语：时间who；地点：where；原因：why = prep. +which（2）定语从句中关系词常用that 不用which的情况其他：a. 在 “ such (the same) . as .”句型中,关系代词要用as, 而不用which.We need such materials as (not which) can bear high temperature.b. 表示 “正如那样”, “正象”之意时, 用as, 不用which.Mary was late again, as had been expected.c. as 引导的定语从句位置比较灵活，即可以放在主句前面, 也可以放在主句后面或主句中间As we all know, oceans cover more than 70% of the earth. 6、定语从句练习把下面的两个句子连接成含有定语从句的一个句子（1）The trend is not restricted to rich students. Rich students have the money to travel. （2）A young adult is rather restricted in terms of general knowledge and experience of the world. A young adult passes directly from school to university.（3）Those have a broader view of life and better personal resources to draw on. Those have spent some time earn a living or travelling to other places. （4）They tend to be more independent. This is a very important factor in academic study and research.（5）This is less likely today. Today academic qualifications are essential for getting a reasonable career. （6）A more dramatic rise is predicted between 2030 and 2040 in Japan. By this time it is thought that the proportion of elderly people will be similar in the three countries. （7）The table gives a breakdown of the different types of family. They were living in poverty in Australia in 1999. （8）I think the solution to the problem lies with the families. They need to be more aware of the future consequences of spoiling their children.（二）状语从句根据提示，把下面两句话连接成含有状语从句的主从复合句（1）It is also close to the railway line linking the two towns to Crandson. A potentially large number of shoppers would also be able to travel by train. (as)（2）The experiences we have in our life are unpredictable and powerful. They can boost or even override other influences. (sothat)（3）We buy fresh food without packaging. We still produce rubbish from the plastic bags used everywhere to carry shopping home. (even if)（4）Happiness is difficult to define. It means so many different things to different people. (because)（5）There are different kinds of happiness for different individuals. The first step in achieving it would be to have a degree of self-knowledge. (if)（6）They get to school age. They have not learnt any self control or discipline. (when)（7）I know you have always liked this furniture. I could let you have it at a good price. (so)（8）Some people think this may be damaging to a childs development. There are many advantages to having school experience at a young age. (while)第二讲 烤鸭试水一、复合句长短句结合（一）形容词性从句：定语从句（教材7页）（二）副词性从句：状语从句（教材9页）（三）名词性从句：主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句（教材12、13、14页）二、状语前置（考试加分句式）1.Living in poverty, these people do not even have money to buy enough food.= Because they live in poverty, these people do not even have money to buy enough food2.Deeply influenced by excessively violence and pornography on the internet, some teenagers tend to go astray.= As they deeply influenced by excessively violence and pornography on the internet, some teenagers tend to go astray.3.In terms of attitude, a good teacher should be highly motivated and patient.4.In spite of this, the obvious benefits of computer sills for young children cannot be denied.5.Obviously, if elderly people live at home, their children can take care of them and they fell less lonely.6.Just like the movies stars, they live extravagant lifestyles with huge houses and cars. 7.Unfortunately, it is not always the case that new things are promoted because they have good impacts for the majority of people.8.Instead of wasting our time, creative advertisements can afford us diverse amusements, thereby brightening up our lives.9.I am fascinated by the western culture. Specifically, I think the French culture is really amazing.10.Most importantly, the government should make sure that citizens can improve their lives.11.To alleviate traffic jams, the government should encourage people to take the subway.12.Without an IELTS score, one can not get a visa from the embassy.13.To be more specific, government should stage some relevant laws or regulations to severely punish the factory producing a great number of pollutants and the people littering or spitting deliberately.14.Throughout the century, the largest quantity of water was used for agricultural purposes.15.With a population of 176 million, the figures for Brazil indicate how high agricultural water consumption can be in some countries.三、分词做定语 等同于定语从句1. Chicken consumed by American is two times as much as that of Britain. =2. People living here intend to change the living surroundings. =四、强调句 It is .that/who.1、It is the interaction of the two that shapes a persons personality and dictates how personality develops. 2、It is the traditions in Bejing that attract many foreign tourist. 3、It is the waste gases released by cars and factories that pollute the environment.五、被动语态主被动交替1、Proper measures must be taken to limit the umber of foreign tourists and great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful effects of international tourism. 2、Every means should be tried to protect the environment on which people live.六、倒装句1、The parents should not only spend time on their children, they should also communicate with them.2、We can never/on no account/by no means/in no way lose sight of the significance of education.3、Not only should the government pay much attention to the protection of our environment, but also every residents living in this area should be absolutely aware of the importance of the preservation of our natural surroundings. 4、Only by building up ones confidence and offering one a sense of achievement can one thoroughly realize his value and capability .5、Only in recent years have women begun to catch up with men in this area.6、Only when proper measures are taken and great efforts are made, can we gradually prevent crimes from occurring .7、On no account should we cut down the outturn（产量降低）. 8、In no case should a government officer take bribes. 9、At no time is smoking permitted here.10、Only if the government will take some appropriate measures, will this intractable problem be tackled.七、虚拟语气1、This is true, and we will be able predict the behavior and character of a person from the moment they were born.改成与事实相反的条件句2、The schools would seem very impersonal if all the computers were to replace human teachers. 省略if，改成倒装八、插入语让你的句子特立独行1.Computer, an indispensable part in our life, has brought us great conveniences.2.College students, lacking social experience, are easily cheated.3.I think, therefore, that governments need to raise the public awareness. 4.Universities, when it is functioning well, should offer both theoretical knowledge as well as professional training.5.So overall, I believe that, attending school from a young age is good for most children.翻译下面一句话： 二十世纪末科技的繁荣，人们开始广泛使用电脑。1) 强调句型2) 倒装句3) With结构状语前置4) witness 句型思考：什么情况下使用倒装？第三讲 鸭鸭上架一边倒一、Task 2的作文类型题 型 考试日期 辩论型 同意 与否 0206; 0227; 0415; 0508; 0515; 0605; 0617 双方 讨论 0109; 0211; 0318; 0410; 0417; 0520 利弊 分析 0114; 0220; 0320; 0424; 0619 解释型 0123; 0130; 0306; 0327; 0529; 0626 （一）辩论类（教材4552页）1、一边倒/倾向式/单边式结构（教材45页）2、对称式/平衡式结构（教材52页）（二）解释类（教材55页）二、判断下列作文题目属于辩论类还是解释类1、2011年5月19日The government should control the levels of violence in films or on television in order to decrease the levels of violent crime in the society. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 2、2011 年5月14日Individual greed and selfishness has been the basis of the modern society. Someone think that we must return to the olds, more traditional values of respect for the family and the local community in order to create a better world to live in. To what extent do you agree or disagree？3、2011年5月7日Individual and individual nation cant do much to protect the environment, the only way should stand at international level/international cooperation, to what extent do you agree or disagree? 4、2011年4月30日Should the foreign visitors be charged more than the local people when they visit the culture and tourist attractions in a country, to what extent do you agree or disagree？5、2011年4月16日Every one believe that it is important to protect the environment however seldom do themselves, what is your opinion? Why is it important to protect environment by ourselves? What action should we do?6、2011年4月2日Many people think cheap air travel should be encouraged because it gives ordinary people freedom to travel further. However, others think this leads to environmental problem, so air travel should be more expensive in order to discourage people from having it. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.7、2011年3月5日Some people believe governments should spend money on measures to save languages of few speakers from dying out completely. Others think this is a waste of financial resources. Discuss both views and give your position.8、2011年2月26日A country should try to produce all the food to its people and import as little food as possible. Do you agree or disagree?9、2011年2月12日Tourism has not only benefited but also harmed the development of many countries. What problems does it bring about? How can countries ensure that tourism benefits their own development?10、2011年1月15日Now some workplaces like to employ an equal number of men and women workers。Do you think it is a positive or negative development?三、辩论类一边倒写作指导（一）什么是一边倒（二）一边倒/倾向/单边式的框架构造1、一边倒/倾向/单边四段式段落陈述内容句子个数各句内容Introduction开头段背景话题3-4句l 第一句：介绍题目背景Present situationl 第二句：介绍反方观点（用自己的话转述，切不可照抄题目）l 第三句：反方观点论据（或者可以把第三句和第四句用自己的话写成正、反两方的观点）l 第四句：作者的观点Body 1主体段1陈述作者的观点倾向理由16句l 第一句：主题句1 Topic sentence 1l 第二到六句：举例、解释、支持性细节Example, Explanation, Supporting detailsBody 2主体段2陈述作者的观点倾向理由26句l 第一句：主题句2 Topic sentence 2l 第二到六句：举例、解释、支持性细节Example, Explanation, Supporting detailsConclusion结尾段总结全文3句l 第一句：总结全文Summaryl 第二句：重申观点Restate the opinionl 第三句：提出倡议优点：缺点：*2、一边倒/倾向/单边折中五段式段落句子个数各句内容Introduction开头段3-4句l 第一句：介绍题目背景Present situationl 第二句：介绍反方观点（用自己的话转述，切不可照抄题目）l 第三句：反方观点论据（或者可以把第三句和第四句用自己的话写成正、反两方的观点）l 第四句：作者的观点Body 1主体段15句l 第一句：主题句1 Topic sentence 1l 第二到五句：举例、解释、支持性细节Example, Explanation, Supporting detailsBody 2主体段25句l 第一句：主题句2 Topic sentence 2l 第二到五句：举例、解释、支持性细节Example, Explanation, Supporting detailsBody 3主体段35句l 第一句：主题句3 Topic sentence 3l 第二到五句：举例、解释、支持性细节Example, Explanation, Supporting detailsConclusion结尾段3句l 第一句：总结全文Summaryl 第二句：重申观点Restate the opinionl 第三句：提出倡议优点：缺点：3、一边倒/倾向/单边折中四段式段落陈述内容句子个数各句内容Introduction开头段背景话题3-4句l 第一句：介绍社会背景Present situationl 第二句：引入话题Topicl 第三句：用自己的话转述话题观点）l 第四句：陈述自己的态度倾向Body 1主体段1陈述作者所倾向的观点理由1+6句l 第一句：主题句1 Topic sentence 1l 第二、三句：观点理由1+支持细节l 第四、五句：观点理由1+支持细节l 第六、七句：观点理由1+支持细节l 举例、解释、支持性细节Example, Explanation, Supporting detailsBody 2主体段2陈述作者反对观点的理由1+5句l 第一句：主题句2 Topic sentence 2l 第二、三句：观点理由1+支持细节l 第四、五句：观点理由1+支持细节l 举例、解释、支持性细节Example, Explanation, Supporting detailsConclusion结尾段总结全文2-3句l 第一句：概括反对观点l 第二句：重申个人观点Restate the opinionl 第三句：提出建议优点：4、四段还是五段，好作文的标准是什么？5、一边倒模板句型（见教材45页）第四讲 鸭鹅童话对称式一、对称式/平衡式结构（教材52页，88页）（一）什么是对称式/平衡式请问，它们分别适合哪种写作方式？1、(To what extent) do you agree or disagree?2、What is your opinion/view?3、What do you think?4、What are the advantages and disadvantages of something?5、What are the benefits and drawbacks of something?6、Discuss both sides and give your opinion.（二）对称式/平衡式写作结构段落陈述内容句子个数各句内容Introduction开头段背景话题3-4句l 第一句：介绍背景Present situationl 第二句：引入一部分人的观点l 第三句：引入另一部分人的观点l 第四句：陈述自己的中庸态度Body 1主题段1陈述一方观点的理由1+6句l 第一句：主题句1 Topic sentence 1l 第二、三句：观点理由1+支持细节l 第四、五句：观点理由1+支持细节l 第六、七句：观点理由1+支持细节l 举例、解释、支持性细节Example, Explanation, Supporting detailsBody 2主题段2陈述另一方观点的理由1+5句l 第一句：主题句2 Topic sentence 2l 第二、三句：观点理由1+支持细节l 第四、五句：观点理由1+支持细节l 举例、解释、支持性细节Example, Explanation, Supporting detailsConclusion结尾段总结全文2-3句l 第一句：平衡观点1l 第二句：平衡观点2l 第三句：带有倾向性的个人观点（二）对称式/平衡式模板句型（见教材52页）第五讲 在你的心上，自由的飞翔解释型题目的写法一、什么是解释型/问题解决型题目典型题目：2010-1-23The gap between the rich and the poor is becoming wider. The rich are growing richer and the poor are growing poorer. What are the causes of this? What measures can be taken to reduce this problem？2010-1-30Today there is a great increase in anti-social behavior and lack of respect to others.What are the causes of this? What measures can be taken to reduce this problem？2010-3-6Survey shows that in many countries across the people are living longer but increased life expectancy has many implications for the aging individuals and for society as a whole.What are the possible effect of longer living for individuals and society?2010-3-27Studies suggest that children spend more time on watching TV than they do in the past and spend less on doing active or creative things. Why do you think this is case? What measurement and methods can be used to tackle with it?2010-5-29Many young people today leave school with a negative attitude towards learning. Why do you think this is happening? What can be done to encourage a positive attitude to learning in young people?2010-06-26International travel seems to make people more prejudiced rather than broad-minded. What do you think are the reasons for people to fail to benefit from the international travel and how to improve the understanding between different countries?2011-2-12 Tourism has not only benefited but also harmed the development of many countries. What problems does it bring about? How can countries ensure that tourism benefits their own development?二、解释型题目的写作结构段落陈述内容句子个数各句内容Introduction开头段背景话题2-4句l 第一句：介绍背景Present situationl 第二句：介绍话题Topicl 第三句：强调该问题所引起的关注Highlightl 第四句：说明文章的目的：分析、解决问题Body 1主题段1分析现象所产生的原因1+6句l 第一句：主题句Topic sentence介绍现象原因l 第二