中级经济师考试《建筑专业知识与实务》重点解析合同变

专业好文档中级经济师考试建筑专业知识与实务重点解析：合同变更管理(一)中级经济师考试合同变更的概念 变更，是指合同依法成立后，在尚未履行或尚来完全履行时，当事人依法经过协商，对合同的内容进行修订或调整所达成的协议。 合同变更时，当事人应当通过协商，对原合同的部分内容条款作出修改补充或增加新的条款。例如，对原合同中规定的标的数量、质量、履行期限、地点和方式，违约责任、解决争议的方法等作出变更。当事人对合同内容变更取得一致意见时方为有效。 有效的合同变更，必须有明确的合同内容的变更。合同的变更，是指合同内容局部的、非实质性的变更，也即合同内容的变更并不会导致原合同关系的消灭和新的合同关系的产生。合同内容的变更，是在保持原合同效力的基础上，所形成的新的合同关系。此种新的合同关系应当包括原合同的实质性条款的内容。 (二)FIDIC合同条件下工程变更管理 1、工程变更的概念及产生原因 (1)工程变更的概念 所谓工程变更包括设计变更、进度计划变更以及原招标文件和工程量清单中未包括的“新增工程”。按照FIDIC合同条件有关规定，承包商按照工程师发出的变更通知及有关要求，需要进行下列变更： 更改工程有关部分的标高、基线、位置和尺寸； 增减合同中约定的工程量； 改变有关工程的施工时间和顺序； 其他有关工程变更需要的附加工作。 (2)工程变更的产生原因 在工程项目的实施过程中，经常碰到来自业主方对项目要求的修改，设计方由于业主要求的变化或现场施工环境、施工技术的要求而产生的设计变更等。由于这多方面变更，经常出现工程量变化、施工进度变化、业主方与承包方在执行合同中的争执等问题。这些问题的产生，一方面是由于主观原因，不得不改变施工项目或增减工程量；另一方面是由于客观原因，致使工程变更不可避免。 2、FIDIC合同条件下工程变更的控制程序与要求 (1)提出变更要求。工程变更可能由承包商提出厂也可能由业主或工程师提出。 (2)工程师审查变更。无论是哪一方提出的工程变更，均需由工程师审查批准。 (3)编制工程变更文件。工程变更文件包括： 工程变更令。主要说明变更的理由和工程变更的概况，工程变更估价及对合同价的估价。 工程量清单。工程变更的工程量清单与合同中的工程量清单相同，并需附工程量的计算记录及有关确定单价的资料。 设计图纸(包括技术规范)。 其他有关文件等。 (4)发出变更指示。工程师的变更指示应以书面形式发出。如果工程师认为有必要以口头形式发出指示，指示发出后应尽快加以书面形式确认。 3工程变更价款的估价步骤 工程变更一般要影响费用的增减，所以工程师应把全部情况告知雇主。对变更费用的批准，一般遵循以下步骤： (1)工程师准备一份授权申请提出对规范和合同工程量所要进行的变更以及费用估算和变更的依据和理由。 (2)在雇主批准了授权的申请后，工程师要同承包商协商，确定变更的价格。如果价格等于或少于雇主批准的总额，则工程师有权向承包商发布必要的变更指示；如果价格超过批准的总额，工程师应请求雇主进一步给予授权。 (3)尽管已有上述程序，但为了避免耽误工作，工程师在和承包商就变更价格达成一致意见之前，有必要发布变更指示。此时，应发布一个包括两部分的变更指示，第一部分是在没有规定价格和费率时，指示承包商继续工作；在通过进一步的协商之后，发布第二部分，确定适用的费率和价格。 此程序中所述任何步骤均不应影响工程师决定任何费率或价格的权力(在工程师和承包商之间对费率和价格不能达成一致意见时)。 (4)在紧急情况下，不应限制工程师向承包商发布他认为必要的此类指示。如果在上述紧急情况下采取行动，他应就此情况尽快通知雇主。 4工程变更估价方法 (1)如工程师认为适当，应以合同中规定的费率及价格进行估价。如合同中未包括适用于该变更工作的费率和价格，则应在合理的范围内使用合同中的费率和价格作为估价的基础。费率或价格确定的合适与否是导致承包商费用索赔的关键。 (2)如果工程师在颁发整个工程的移交证书时；发现由于工程变更和工程量表上实际工程量的增加或减少(不包括暂定金额、计日工和价格调整)、使合同价格的增加或减少合计超过有效合同价(指不包括暂定金额和计日工补贴的合同价格)的15，在工程师与业主和承包商协商后，应在合同价格中加上或减去承包商和工程师议定的一笔款额，若双方未能取得一致意见，则由工程师在考虑了承包商的现场费用和上级公司管理费后确定此款额。该款额仅以超过或等于“有效合同价”15的那一部分为基础。 (3)也可按计日工方法估价。工程师如认为必要和可取，可以签发指示，规定按日计工方法进行工程估价变更。对这类工程变更，应按合同中包括的按日计工表中所定的项目和承包商在投标书中对此所确定的费率或价格向承包商付款。Winger Tuivasa-Sheck, who scored two tries in the Kiwis 20-18 semi-final win over England, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injury, while Slater has been named at full-back but is still recovering from a knee injury aggravated against USA.Both sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but Australia have not conceded a try since Josh Charnleys effort in their first pool match against England on the opening day.Aussie winger Jarryd Hayne is the competitions top try scorer with nine, closely followed by Tuivasa-Sheck with eight.But it is recently named Rugby League International Federation player of the year Sonny Bill Williams who has attracted the most interest in the tournament so far.The Kiwi - with a tournament high 17 offloads - has the chance of becoming the first player to win the World Cup in both rugby league and rugby union after triumphing with the All Blacks in 2011.Id give every award back in a heartbeat just to get across the line this weekend, said Williams.The (lack of) air up there Watch mCayman Islands-based Webb, the head of Fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in London for the Football Associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend Citys Premier League match at Chelsea on Sunday.I am going to be at the match tomorrow and I have asked to meet Yaya Toure, he told BBC Sport.For me its about how he felt and I would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.Uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against CSKAfor the racist behaviour of their fans duringCitys 2-1 win.Michel Platini, president of European footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.CSKA said they were surprised and disappointed by Toures complaint. In a statement the Russian side added: We found no racist insults from fans of CSKA. Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunda.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.They blew it in 2008 when they got caught cold in the final and they will not make the same mistake against the Kiwis in Manchester.Five years ago they cruised through to the final and so far history has repeated itself here - the last try they conceded was scored by Englands Josh Charnley in the opening game of the tournament.That could be classed as a weakness, a team under-cooked - but I have been impressed by the Kangaroos focus in their games since then.They have been concentrating on the sort of stuff that wins you tough, even contests - strong defence, especially on their own goal-line, completing sets and a good kick-chase. Theyve been great at all the unglamorous stuff that often goes unnoticed in the stands but not by your team-mates.It is as though their entire tournament has been preparation for the final.In Johnathan Thurston, Cooper Cronk, Cameron Smith and either Billy Slater or Greg Inglis at full-back they have a spine that is unmatched in rugby league. They have played in so many high-pressure games - a priceless asset going into Saturday.The Kiwis are a lot less experienced but winning a dramatic match like their semi-final against England will do wonders for their confidence.They defeated Australia in the Four Nations final in 2010 and the last World Cup, and know they can rise to the big occasion.