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卫生 【2014职称英语】卫生类2014教材完形填空目录及文章word整理*第六篇 Once-daily Pill Could Simplify fflV Treatment*第七篇 Exercise （2013已考）*第八篇 Old And Active（2012新增已考）*第九篇：The Case of the Disappearing Fingerprints（2013教材新增未考）*第十篇 Hospital Mistreatment + 第十一篇 Migrant Workers + 第十二篇 Dreams（2012新增）（2012年4月真题）+ 第十三篇 Scientists Develop Ways of Detecting Heart Attack + 第十四篇 Homosexuals （2012新增未考）（2013教材新增）+第十四篇：Young Adults Who Exercise Get Higher IQ Scores + 第十五篇 Is Your Childs Stomach Pain All in His Head （2012新增未考）第六篇 Once-daily Pill Could Simplify HIV Treatment Bristol-Myers Myers Squibb and Gilead Sciences have combined many HIV drugs into a single pill Sometimes the best medicine is more than one kind of medicine. Malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS,2 for example, are all treated with combinations of drugs. But that can mean a lot of pills to take. It would be simpler if drug companies combined all the medicines into a single pill, taken just once a day. Now, two companies say they have done that for people just starting treatment for HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. The companies are Bristol-Myers Squibb and Gilead Sciences. They have developed a single pill that combines three drugs currently on the market.3 Bristol-Myers Squibb sells one of them under the name of Sustiva.4 Gilead combined the others, Emtriva and Viread, into a single pill in two thousand four. Combining drugs involves more than technical issues. It also involves issues of competition if the drugs are made by different companies. The new once-daily pill is the result of what is described as the first joint venture agreement of its kind in the treatment of HIV In January the New England Journal of Medicine5 published a study of the new pill. Researchers compared its effectiveness to6 that of the widely used combination of Sustiva and Combivir. Combivir contains two drugs, AZT7 and 3TC.8 The researchers say that after one year of treatment, the new pill suppressed HIV levels in more patients and with fewer side effects.9 Gilead paid for the study. Professor Joel Gallant at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in Baltimore, Maryland, led the research. He is a paid adviser to Gilead and Bristol-Meyers Squibb as well as the maker of Combivir, GlaxoSmithKline. Glaxo Smith Kline reacted to the findings by saying that a single study is of limited value. It says the effectiveness of Combivir has been shown in each of more than fifty studies. The price of the new once-daily pill has not been announced. But Gilead and Bristol-Myers Squibb say they will provide it at reduced cost to developing countries. They plan in the next few months to ask the United States Food and Drug Administration10 to approve the new pill. There are limits to who could take it because of the different drugs it contains. For example, pregnant women are told not to take Sustiva because of the risk of birth disorders.11 Experts say more than forty million people around the world are living with HIV*第七篇 ExerciseWhether or not exercise addsto the length of life, it is common experience that a certain amount of regular exercise improves the health and contributes a feeling of well-being. Furthermore, exerise which involves play and recreation, and relieves nervous tension and mental fatigue in so doing, is not only pleasant but beneficial.How much and what kind of exercise one should take merits careful consideration.The growing child and the normal young man and young woman thrill with the exhilaration of strenuous sports. They fatigue to the point of exhaustion but recover promptly with a period of rest. But not so with those _of middle age and beyond. For them moderation is of vital importance. Just how much exercise a person of a given age can safely take is question hard _to answer. Individual variability istoo great to permit of generalization. A game of tennis may be perfectly safe for one person of forty but folly for another. The sage limit for exercise depends on the condition of the heart, the condition of the muscles, the type of exercise, and the regularity with which it is taken. Two general suggestions, however, will serve as sound advice for anyone. The first is that the condition of the heart and general health should be determined periodically by careful, thorough physical examinations. The other is that exercise should be kept below the point of physical exhaustion.What type of exercise one should choose _depens upon ones physical condition. Young people can safely enjoy vigorous competitive sports, but most older persons do better to limit themselves to less strenuous activities. Walking, swimming, skating are among the sports that one can enjoy and safely participate in throughout life. Regularity is important if one is to get the most enjoyment and benefit out of exercise.*第八篇 Old And ActiveIt is wellknown that life expectancy is longer in Japan than in most other countries. A recent report also shows that Japan has the longest health expectancy in the worldA healthy long life is the result of improvement in social environment.Scientists are trying to work out exactly what keeps elderly Japanese people so healthy, and whether there is a lesson to be learntfrom their lifestyles for the rest of us. Should we make any changes to our eating habits, for instance, or go jogging each day before breakfast? Is there some secret ingredient in the Japanese diet that is particularly beneficial to the human body?Another factor contributing to the rapid population aging in Japan is a decline in birthrateAlthough longer life should be celebrated, it is actually considered a social problemThe number of older people had doubled in the last half century and that has increased pension and medical costsThe country could soon be facing an economic problem, if there are so many old people to be looked after and relatively few younger people working and paying taxes to support them Raising the retirement age from 65 to 70 could be one solution to the problem. Work can give the elderly a sense of responsibility and mission in life. Its important that the elderly play active roles in the society and live in harmony with all generations.答案与题解:1. B 根据上下文, 可以判断出此处应该是近期的或最新的 , late 通常不用来表示最近,latest 倒是可以表示最新的 , contemporary表示当代的, 此处不符合。而 new 是新 的, 放在此处也不合适, 所以只有 recent 最合适。2.D 根据上下文, 此处所填的一个名词是作为 social environment 的一个补充, 用来表示社会 环境的某种变化, increase 是上升, 增加的意思, progress 表示进步 , growth 则是生长, 增长 , improvement改进, 改善。显然, 社会环境本身不会增长或进步, 所以最合适的说 法是 the improvement in social environment.3.B 这里考察的是 work 与介词搭配的用法, 根据上下文意思, 可以判断此处是要表达找出 答案, 解决问题的意思。而 work for 是为工作, work in 表示在工作, work off 则 是排除, 清理的意思, 因此正确的答案应该是 work out.4.A 首先, 从搭配的层次来看, understand 和 gain 通常都不与 from 搭配, 所以只剩下 learnt与 gathered , gather from 是从收集, 搜集, 而在这里, 结合上下文的意思, 应该是从日本人的生活习惯中学到什么, 所以 learn from 最合适。5.B 这里要表达的是做出改变, make change 是固定搭配, 所以应该选择 B。6.A 根据句子结构来看, 这里缺少的是一个名词, 所以首先排除 D。再看 A 、B 、C 三个选项,这三个词都可以表示部分, 要素, 成分的意思, 但是 ingredient 通常用来表示原料, 成分,component 通常表示文章, 学术观点或者电子产品中的部分或组件, 而 portion 更多的是表示数量上的一部分, 此处是饮食, 食物中的原料, 成分, 因此最佳答案应该是 ingredient。7.D 根据上下文可以判断, 此处需要的是有利的, 有益的。从词义来看, 除 supportive 外,其余三个选项都可, 但是 helpful 相对要弱一些, beneficial 侧重对健康、身心或事业有益。advantageous 多指能直接导致相对优势或有助于达到目的的事。结合此处的语境, 应选择beneficial , 对人体有益。8.A 此处是一个动名词与 to 搭配的结构, 用来表达引起, 导致, 促成这样的意思, 从语义 与搭配两个层面来考虑, 首先排除 help. Cause 如果与 to 搭配, 通常是 cause sb.to do sth. 或者 sth. cause damage to sth , result to 则通常表示反应的意思, result in 才表示导致, 引起, 所以最佳选择是 contribute to , 促成, 为出力。9.B 这里前半句由 although 引导的条件状语从句, 已经体现了转折关系, 因此排除 therefore与 however, 而根据前后的语义与语境, 并无递进或进一步加深的关系, 因此也不用 even , 所以最佳答案为 actually , 虽然长寿是一件值得庆祝的事情, 但是他实际上也是一个社会问题。10. C 11.A face a problem 为固定搭配12.B look after ， Look for 是寻找 , lookover 检查, 从上边看 , lookout小心, 注意。13. D 只有 rise 与raise 能表达上升的意思, 而 rise 通常做不及物用法, 所以用 raise , 表示人为地上调。14. A 此处是指工作可以带给老人的一些体验, sentiment和 feeling 都能表示情感和情绪, sense 表示感觉, 且 sense 通常和 responsibility 这类的词搭配, 15.A play roles in固定搭配。*第九篇 Many Women Who Beat Cancer Dont Change HabitsMany women who battle breast cancer will tell you its a life-changing experience. However, a new study shows that for many women, the changes arent always positive or permanent. Beth Snoke has watched her mother and both grandmothers battle and survive breast cancer So when she was diagnosed, there was no doubt in her mind what she had to do. I do exactly what the doctors say as far as the medicine that Im on, as far as the vitamins, the diet, and the fitness. And I cant stress enough how important that is, says Beth Snoke. But a surprising new study shows that no every woman who beats breast cancer is getting that message. In fact, nearly 40% bf them say even after surviving breast cancer, they havent made significant changes in the way they eat or how much they exercise. Not all survivors are taking advantage of this teachable moment and making positive health changes in their life, says Electra Paskett, PhD, at Ohio State Universitys Comprehensive Cancer Center. Paskett says diet and exercise have been proven to not only help women feel better during and after treatment, they may also play a role in preventing some cancers from coming back. Despite growing evidence, some women just arent listening. Colon cancer survivors who exercise have actually been shown to have improved survival rates. So, yes, it is true that perhaps by making some of these healthy choices we can actually increase their health, says Paskett. As a breast cancer survivor herself , Paskett knows first hand how much difference diet and exercise can make The challenge, she says, is to get more survivors to be more like Beth, during and after treatment. Experts say exercising more and eating a healthier diet can also cut down on stress and help women overcome depression. There are more than 2 million breast cancer survivors living in the U.S. Of those, nearly a million have yet to change their diet or exercise routines.*第十篇 Hospital MistreatmentAccording to a study, most medical interns report experiencing mistreatment, including humiliation by senior doctors, being threatened, or physical abuse in their first year out of medical school.The findings come from analysis of the responses to a 13-page survey mailed in January 1991 to 1, 733 second-year residents. The survey and analysis appear in the April 15th issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association. Overall, out of the 1,277 residents who completed surveys, 1,185 said that they had experienced at least one incident of mistreatment in their intern year. In addition to reporting incidents where they were abused, more than 45% of the residents said they had witnessed at least one incident where other persons had made false medical records. Moreover, nearly three quarters of the residents said they had witnessed mistreatment of patients by other residents, attending physicians, or nurses. Almost 40% said patient mistreatment was a frequent event. More than 10% of the residents said they were not allowed to have enough sleep, and the average number of hours without _ sleep was 37.6. The average on-call hours during a _ typical week was 56.9 hours, but about 25% of the residents said their on-call assignments were more than 80 hours some weeks. Although 30% of the residents said they experienced some type of sexual harassment or discrimination, verbal abuse was the most common problem cited. When abusive incidents were limited to events occurring three or more times, 53% of the respondents reported that they were belittled or humiliated by more senior residents, while just over 21% reported someone taking credit for their work. Being “given tasks for punishment,” “being pushed, kicked or hit,” and having someone “threatening your reputation or career,” were reported as a more frequent occurrence by over 10% of the responding residents.
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