现代英语词汇学

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,现代英语词汇学,Unit 6,词的语义分类,内容提要,概述,词与词之间的上下义关系词与词之间的同义关系词与词之间的反义关系词与词之间的同形异义关系,Waiting for class hour,Chapter 6,：词的语义分类,一、词,与词之间的上下义关系,词的语义分类,Semantic classification of words,按照词与词之间的关系对此进行分类。,一、词与词之间的上下义关系,类概念（,genus,）,种概念（,species,）,Chapter 6,：词的语义分类,一、词,与词之间的上下义关系,语义场,Semantic field,探讨词所表达的类概念与词所表达的种概念之间的关系。词可以在一个共同的概念下的支配下结合在一起形成语义场。,Chapter 6,：词的语义分类,一、词,与词之间的上下义关系,cook,roast boil fry steam bake,Chapter 6,：词的语义分类,一、词,与词之间的上下义关系,living things,plant animal,bush tree shrub flower tiger wolf dog sheep,Oak ash pine maple ram ewe lamb,White pine yellow pine,Chapter 6,：词的语义分类,一、词,与词之间的上下义关系,literature,prose fiction drama poetry,novel novelette short story,Chapter 6,：词的语义分类,二、词,与词之间的同义关系,词与词之间可以因表达同一的逻辑关系而结合在一起，这些词称之为同义词,（,synonyms,）。,词义相同,形位形状不同,用法不同,Chapter 6,：词的语义分类,二、词,与词之间的同义关系,绝对同义词,（,absolute synonym,）,Motherland fatherland,Word building word formation,Fricative,（摩擦音）,spirant,Colophony,（松香）,rosin,Chapter 6,：词的语义分类,二、词,与词之间的同义关系,相对同义词,(relative synonyms),Angry,发怒,rage,大怒,fury,暴怒,Refuse,拒绝,decline,谢绝,reject,断然拒绝,Admit,承认,concede,接受,confess,供认,Brief,简短,succinct,简明,terse,简练,Chapter 6,：词的语义分类,二、词,与词之间的同义关系,文体同义词,（,stylistic synonyms,）,书面 通用 口语,Chide blame carpet,责备,Apprehend arrest collar,逮捕,Charger(steed),horse nag(plug),马,Chapter 6,：词的语义分类,二、词,与词之间的同义关系,情感同义词（,affective synonyms,）,Frugal,节约（褒义）,miserly,吝啬（贬义）,Bravery,勇敢,（褒义）,foolhardiness,莽撞,（贬义）,Plump,丰满（褒义）,obese,肥胖（贬义）,Complain,抱怨（平淡）,grumble,嘟囔（生动）,Chapter 6,：词的语义分类,二、词,与词之间的同义关系,1.,同义词的来源,外来词：,native borrowed,hearty cordial,homely domestic,answer reply,house mansion,buy purchase,world universe,Chapter 6,：词的语义分类,二、词,与词之间的同义关系,Anglo-Saxon French Latin,Kingly royal regal,time age epoch,Belly stomach abdomen,Ask question interrogate,夫人,：,Mistress,（英）,Madame,（法）,donna,（意）,Senora,（西）,Chapter 6,：词的语义分类,二、词,与词之间的同义关系,英美用词差异,British English American English,life elevator,petrol gasoline,tube subway,biscuit cracker,gaol jail,Chapter 6,：词的语义分类,二、词,与词之间的同义关系,2.,语义同义场,Admit:,own,concede,confess,acknowledge,Artificial:,Unnatural,affected,false,counterfeit,spurious,Chapter 6,：词的语义分类,二、词,与词之间的同义关系,3.,语义之间的差异,1),语义上的差距,The wolf rolled over and played dead to,escape,capture by the farmer.,They lost no time in,fleeing,the burning hotel.,Chapter 6,：词的语义分类,二、词,与词之间的同义关系,3.,语义之间的差异,1),语义上的差距,A teacher was,amazed,to find that a lazy student had gained a mark of 100 in an important test.,A woman may be,astounded,to learn that her dearest friend has been spreading malicious gossip about her.,Chapter 6,：词的语义分类,二、词,与词之间的同义关系,2),情感色彩和语体色彩上的差异,Statesman,Politician,Singer,Vocalist,Intellectual,Egghead,Chapter 6,：词的语义分类,二、词,与词之间的同义关系,2),情感色彩和语体色彩上的差异,有文章在报道美国前副总统戈尔时用了,“,politician,”,和,“,statesman,”,两个词：,“,Out of office for eight years,Gore is no longer really a frontline political force.His role in American life has morphed,（变为）,from politician to statesman.He is a man with a mission to serve the planet,not a candidate for office.,”,Chapter 6,：词的语义分类,二、词,与词之间的同义关系,3),语体差异,The price of meat has been,declining,alarmingly.(written),The price of meat has been,going down,steeply.(spoken),They made a decision to,abandon,the project.(formal),They decided to,walk out on,the project.(informal),Chapter 6,：词的语义分类,二、词,与词之间的同义关系,4),在词的搭配上的差异,bacon,butter,egg,milk,Rancid,+,+,-,-,Addled,-,-,+,-,Sour,-,-,-,+,Rotten,-,+,+,-,Chapter 6,：词的语义分类,二、词,与词之间的同义关系,1.The police,accused,him,of,murder.,2.The police,charge,him,with,murder.,3.The police,indicted,him,for,murder,4.The teacher,rebuked,the student,for,being impudent,（无礼）,.,5.He,reproached,me,with,(,or for,)extravagance,（奢侈）,.,Chapter 6,：词的语义分类,二、词,与词之间的同义关系,位置分布（前置或后置,),：,Living/alive,He is the greatest,living,novelist,in England.,He is the greatest,novelist,alive,in England.,Sleeping/asleep,Don,t disturb the,sleeping,old man in the next room.,Don,t disturb the old man,asleep,in the next room.,Chapter 6,：词的语义分类,三、词,与词之间的反义关系,词与词之间存在着相反或对立的语义关系,反义关系（,antonymy).,词义相反或对立的词叫做反义词（,antonyms,）,1.,以词根和派生为依据所形成的的反义关系,Clear vague,Large small,Up down,Pleasant unpleasant,Polite impolite,Honest dishonest,Chapter 6,：词的语义分类,三、词,与词之间的反义关系,2.,以语义对比（,semantic contrast,）为依据形成的反义词,1,）相对性反义词,(contraries),因为不具备绝对性（,absolute quality,）,Hot cold,Warm cool,Wet dry,Good bad,Chapter 6,：词的语义分类,三、词,与词之间的反义关系,特点：,（,1,）可用于比较级和最高级,John is,taller,than George.,John is the,tallest,boy in the class.,（,2,）可被,very,quite,rather,fairly,等副词修饰。,This man is,quite strong,.,This man is,very lazy,.,Chapter 6,：词的语义分类,三、词,与词之间的反义关系,（,3,）一对反义词中一个是无标记,(unmarked,），而另一个是有标记的,(marked).,无标记的词总是比有标记的词使用范围广，更趋于中性。,对某些事物的特性提问时一般总是使用无标记的词。,Wide,无标记,narrow,有标记,How wide is the road?,通常不用：,How narrow is the road,？,除非提问者知道这条路有多窄，只是想进一步了解。,回答,How wide is the road?,时：,Forty meters wide.,Chapter 6,：词的语义分类,三、词,与词之间的反义关系,How old is he?,He is thirty two years old.,（,4,）反义词所描写的对象往往是相对的。,一高速公路一条小路的宽窄是不一样的，但我们照样要问：,How wide is the footpath.,Wide:,寛窄,Narrow,：窄,Chapter 6,：词的语义分类,三、词,与词之间的反义关系,（,5,）分级反义词具有对立渐进性。,Beautiful ugly,Xinjiang Agricultural University,Chapter 6,：词的语义分类,三、词,与词之