句子成分语法课

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,Grammar-,句子成分及练习,Unit 4,Problems & Advice,一、句子成分,（一）句子成分的定义：,构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。,句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；,主要成分有主语,subjects,和谓语,verbs,；,次要成分有表语、宾语,objects,、定语、状,语,adverbials,、补足语,complements,、同位,语和,插入语,。,Sentence elements: subjects, verbs, objects,complements and adverbials,1,Sentences in English usually have a,subject,(,S,) and a,verb,(,V,).,2,Some sentences also have an,object,(,O,).,3,Sentences with verbs such as,give,bring,buy,and,send,can have a,direct object,(,DO,) and an,indirect object,(,IO,).,4,Some sentences have a,linking verb,followed by a,complement,(,C,).,Some sentences have an,object,followed by a,complement,(,C,).,5,Some sentences have an,adverbial,(,A,).,Tom is a junior high school student.,(Tom, junior high school student, be) He _. (best friends, visit, every weekend) One of them is a boy called Alex.,Look at the pictures below. Complete the sentences with the words in brackets. Add other words if necessary.,visits his best friends every weekend,Last weekend, _.(Alex, some new books, showed,Tom, in his flat) Suddenly Alex knocked a flowerpot out of his window by accident. This _. (them, made, worried),Alex showed some new books to Tom in his flat,made them worried,Luckily, no one was hurt by the flowerpot. Then_. (for, went out, an hour, Alex and Tom),Alex and Tom went out for an hour,Alex and Tom _. (later that afternoon, returned) They saw a policeman questioning a boy about the broken flowerpot. They _ (very bad, felt), but they did not know what to do.,returned later that afternoon,felt very bad,句子成分详解表,句子,成分,意义,充当词类,例句,主语,表示句子说的是什么人或什么,事,名，代，数，不定,式，动词,ing,，短语或句子,We study in Huang,q,iao Middle,School.,谓语,说明主语做什么，是什么或怎,么样,动词或动词词组,She is dancing under the tree.,宾语,表示动作行为的对象,同主语,Both of us like English.,表语,与连系动词连用，一起构成谓,语，说明主语的性质或特征,同主语,Her father is a chemist.,His words sound reasonable.,定语,用来修饰名词或代词,形，代，数，名,副，介词短语或句子,We have eight lessons every day.,状语,修饰动词，形容词，副词，表,示动作发生的时间，地点，原,因，目的，方式，结果等,副词，介词短语或句,子,He works very hard.,They held a party in,Hollywood.,宾语,补足语,逻辑上与宾语是主谓关系,形容词，名词，介词,短语等,She always keeps the house,clean.,主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！,(,二) 主语,主语,(,S,ubject),表示句子说的是什么人或什么事。是一,个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在,there be,结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词,时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或,情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数,词、不定式、动词ing、名词化的形容词和,主语从句等表示。,1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.,2.We often speak English in class.,3.One-third of the students in this class are girls.,4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.,5.Smoking does harm to the health.,6.The rich should help the poor.,7.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.,8.It is necessary to master a foreign language.,（名词）,（代词）,（数词）,（动词ing）,（不定式）,（名词化的形容词）,（主语从句）,（,it,作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）,（三）谓语,谓语 (Verbs),说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状,态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后,。谓语的构成如下：,1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。,如：,He practises running every morning.,The plane took off at ten oclock.,2,、复合谓语：,（,1,）由情态动词加动词原形构成。如：,You may keep the book for two weeks.,（,2,）由助动词加动词原形,动词ing,过去分词构成。如：,Do you speak English,？,They are working in a field.,He has caught a bad cold.,（,3,）由系动词加表语构成。如：,We are students.,注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。,（四）表语,表语,(Predicative),用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一,般位于系动词（如,be, become, get, look, grow, turn,seem,等）之后。,表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、 副词、,不定式、动词ing、分词、介词短语及表语从句表,示。,1.Our teacher of English is an,American,.,（名词）,2.Is it,yours,?,（代词）,3.The weather has turned,cold,.,（形容词）,4.Three times seven is,twenty one,.,（数词）,6.His job is,to teach English,.,（不定式）,7.His hobby is,playing football,.,（动词ing）,8.The meeting is,of great importance,.,（介词短语）,9.Time is,up,. The class is,over,.,（副词）,10.The truth is,that he has never been abroad,.,（表语从句）,注意：系动词（,Linking verb),用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质，特征和身份等。,1.,状态系动词,用来表示主语状态，只有,be,一词，如：,He,is,a teacher.,2.,持续系动词,用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有,keep, remain, stay, lie, stand,如：,He always,kept,silent at meeting.,3.,表像系动词,用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有,seem, appear, look,如：,He,seems,(to be) very sad.,4.,感官系动词,主要有,feel, smell, sound, taste,如：,This kind of cloth,feels,very soft.,5.,变化系动词,表示主语变成什么样，主要有,become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run,，,如：,The river was beginning to,run,dry.,6.,终止系动词,表示主语已终止动作，主要有,prove, turn out,表达,结果是,;,证明是,之意，如：,The rumor,proved,false.,His plan,turned out,a success.,注意：系动词（,Linking verb),用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。,（五）宾语,宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位,于及物动词和介词后面。如：,1.He is doing his homework.,2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.,3.How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.,（名词）,（代词、动词ing）,（名词、数词）,4.They helped the old with their housework yesterday.,5.He pretended not to see me.,6.I enjoy listening to popular music.,7.I think,（,that,）,he is fit for his office.,（名词化形容词，名词）,（不定式短语,）,（动名词短语）,（宾语从句）,（六）宾语补足语,宾语补足语（,Object Complement,）,用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾语之后，,宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。需接复合宾,语的动词有：,tell,，,let,，,help,，,teach,，,ask,，,see,，,have,，,order,，,make,等。“宾补”一般可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。,1.His father named him Xiaoming.,2.They painted their boat white.,3.Let the fresh air in.,4.You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.,5.We saw her entering the room.,6.We found everything in the lab in good order.,7.We will soon make our city what your city is now.,（名词）,（形容词）,（介词）,（不定式短语）,（现在分词）,（介词短语）,（从句）,修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特,征的句子成分，叫做状语（,Adverbial,）。可由以下形式表,示 ：,1.Light travels most quickly.,2.He has lived in the city for ten years.,3.He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.,4.He is in the room making a model plane.,5.Wait a minute.,6.Once you begin, you must continue.,（七）状语,（副词及副词性词组）,（介词短语）,（不定式短语）,（分词短语）,（名词）,（状语从句）,9,种状语种类如下：,1.How about meeting again,at six,?,2.Last night she didnt go to the dance party,because of the rain,.,3.I shall go there,if it doesnt rain,.,4.Mr Smith lives,on the third floor,.,5.She put the eggs into the basket,with great care,.,（时间状语）,（原因状语）,（条件状语）,（地点状语）,（方式状语）,5.She came in,with a dictionary in her hand,.,6.,In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.,7.He was so tired,that he fell asleep immediately,.,8.She works very hard,though she is old,.,9.I am taller,than he is,.,（目的状语）,（结果状语）,（让步状语）,（比较状语）,（伴随状语）,练习,一,.,指出下列句子中的划线部分是什么句子成分：,1.,The students,got on the,school,bus.,2. He handed,me,the newspaper.,3. I,shall answer,your question,after class.,4. What a,beautiful,Chinese painting!,5. They went hunting together,early in the morning,.,S.,Attribute,O.,V,.,Adverbial,Attribute,Adverbial,二、选择最佳答案填空：,( )1. _ will leave for Beijing.,A. Now there the man B. The man here now,C. The man who is here now,D. The man is here now,( ) 2. The weather _.,A. wet and cold B. is wet and cold,C. not wet and coldD. were wet and cold,( ) 3. The apple tasted _.,A. sweets B. sweetly,C. nicely D. sweet,C,B,D,( ) 4. He got up _ yesterday morning.,A. lately B. late,C. latest D. latter,( )5. The actor _at the age of 70.,A. dead B. died,C. dyed,D. dying,( )6. _ were all very tired, but none of _ would stop to take a rest.,A. We, us,B. Us, we,C. We, our,D. We, we,B,B,A,( )7. He found the street much _.,A. crowd B. crowding,C. crowded D. crowdedly,( ) 8.I think _necessary to learn English,well.,A. its B. it,C. that D. that is,( ) 9. The dog _ mad.,A. looks B. is looked,C. is being looked D. was looked,C,B,A,