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,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,Unit 7 Criminal Law,刑 法,刑法是国家为了维护统治秩序，规定什么是犯罪以及对犯罪行为处以何种刑罚即相对应法律效果的法律。与民法等其它法律相比，刑法的特点是处分的手段十分严厉，强制程度高，不仅能限制人身自由，甚至可以剥夺人的生命。刑法的目的在于界定国家对于公民的刑罚权，刑罚的目的通常是对侵害法益的行为加以处分，借由处分吓阻犯罪人及社会群众，教化犯罪人使其社会化。国家就是运用这种强大的威慑力量，向各种破坏社会秩序的犯罪作斗争。,Lead-in,-Criminal law refers to any of various bodies of rules in different jurisdictions whose common characteristic is the potential for unique and often severe impositions as punishment for failure to comply.,Criminal Law,Criminal punishment,may include:,Execution;,loss of liberty;,government supervision(parole or probation);,fines;,History:,(The early legal codes did not separate penal and civil laws.),The first written codes of law were produced by the,Sumerians;,Code of Urukagina of Lagash,(undiscovered);,Around 2100-2050 BC,the Code of Ur-Nammu,.(discovered).,Code Hammurabi;,Commentaries of Gaius on the Twelve Tables.,The first modern distinction between,crimes and civil,matters emerged during the Norman Invasion of England.,The special notion of,criminal penalty,at least concerning Europe,arose in,Spanish Late Scolasticism(see Alfonso de Castro),Criminal sanctions,Capital punishment;,Physical or corporal punishment(although many are prohibited in much of the world);,Confinement;,Incarceration;,Government supervision including house;,arrest;,Fines;,Five objectives are accepted for enforcement of the criminal law by punishments:,retribution,deterrence,incapacitation,rehabilitation,restitution.,Ciminal law/penal law 刑法,Offense n.犯错，过错,Offender 冒犯者；违法者；罪犯,Execution 死刑,Civil infraction 民事侵害,Trespass 过失；罪过；侵入,Breach 违背；破坏,Criminal penalty 刑事处分,Words and Expressions,Criminal sanction 刑事处分,Capital punishment 死刑,Corporal punishment 肉刑；体罚,Whipping 鞭打；笞刑,Caning 鞭打,Incarcerate 把关进监狱；监禁；幽闭,Confinement 紧闭,House arrest 本宅软禁；监视居住,Convict,罪犯,Regiment,政权；政体,Retribution,报应,Incapacitation,剥夺,Restitution,归还,Detriment,损坏；损坏物,Contravene,违反，抵触,Prison sentence,监禁,Death penalty,死刑,Banishment,放逐；驱逐,Embezzle,盗用；挪用,parole or probation假释或缓刑：Following its use in late-medieval Anglo-French chivalric practice,the term became associated with the release of prisoners based on prisoners giving their word of honor to abide by certain restrictions.,Notes,Code of Ur-Nammu乌尔纳姆法典:The Code of Ur-Nammu is the oldest known tablet containing a law code surviving today.It was written in the Sumerian language ca.2100-2050 BC.,Code of Hammurabi 汉谟拉比法典:The Code of Hammurabi is the best preserved ancient law code,created ca.1760 BC(middle chronology)in ancient Babylon.It was enacted by the sixth Babylonian king,Hammurabi.,Babylonian law巴比伦法:So-called contracts exist in the thousands,including a great variety of deeds,conveyances让与,bonds,receipts,accounts,and most important of all,actual legal decisions given by the judges in the law courts.,Law of the Twelve Tables 十二个铜表法:The Law of the Twelve Tables was the ancient legislation that stood at the foundation of Roman law.The Law of the Twelve Tables formed the centerpiece of the constitution of the Roman Republic and the core of the mos maiorum.,criminal justice刑事司法：Criminal justice is the system of practices and institutions of governments directed at upholding social control,deterring and mitigating crime,and sanctioning those who violate laws with criminal penalties and rehabilitation efforts.,International law,Public international law deals extensively and increasingly with criminal conduct,that is enough to,affect entire societies and regions,.,The formative source,of modern international criminal law was the Nuremberg trials following the Second World War.,Criminal Law Jurisdictions,United States,Criminal prosecutions typically are initiated by complaint issued by a judge or by indictment issued by a grand jury.,As to felonies in Federal court,the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution requires indictment.,Three states(Connecticut,Pennsylvania,and Washington)and the District of Columbia do not use grand jury indictments at all.,England,The definitions of the different acts that constitute criminal offenses can be found in the,common law,(murder,manslaughter,conspiracy to defraud)as well as in thousands of independent and disparate,statutes,and more recently from,supranational legal regimes,such as the EU.,Criminal trials are administered hierarchically,from magistrates courts,through the Crown Courts and up to the High Court.Appeals are then made to the Court of Appeal and finally the House of Lords on matters of law.,Scotland has a completely separate legal system.,Nuremberg trials 纽伦堡审判,Nazism 纳粹主义；德国国家社会主义,Prosecute 起诉,Genocide 有方案的灭种和屠杀,Hague 海牙荷兰的中央政府所在地,Rome Statute 罗马规约；罗马规那么,Indictment 控告,Words
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