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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,10,G,精彩管理资料尽,/,中华经理人资讯网，成功的新起点！,最全的中文管理资料库，首家中文资讯交流交易平台，在线即时网上一对一信息服务，资料整理、分析评估平台,ERP,的演進史,1,ERP 演進圖,2,1960,MRP,3,MRP,之前,(電腦發明前),訂貨是以所賣的商品為基準。,“預測需求在當時是大工程，很不易達成。,事實上“再訂購點系統 對於管理這些採購的局部，成效還有很大的進步空間。,(True reorder point system to effectively manage those purchased parts failed miserably.),4,MRP shows up!,(,因為:電腦被發明了,O),5,電腦發明後,(,1950,s),隨著,cpu,的發明，物流管理的王道也出現了!,(,With the invention of the CPU an epiphany in material management occurred.),IBM,位於,Poughkeepsie,廠的,Dick Ling,博士寫出了第一個物料需求軟體。,(,According to Dick Ling,CFPIM,at an IBM plant in Poughkeepsie,NY,the first requirement generation software was written.),6,APICS,資源管理學會在1957創辦了美國生產與庫存協會-,APICS。,American Production and Inventory Control Society,.,三個業務要項:,1.教育 2.訓練 3.形式化,(,formalization),目標:,整合兩種最關鍵的企業資源庫存及直接勞工,(,inventory&direct labor),7,1970年代,MRP已是世界常見的技術。.,1975 Joseph Orlicky 寫了一本 ERP經典之作:,“The New Way of life in Production and Inventory Management！,8,1970,Closed-loop MRP,9,閉環式物料需求規劃 （,Closed-loopMRP,）,除了物料之外，還必須擁有足夠的產能才能達到目標。,必須定義生產路徑。,The paths defined upon which machines the parts would be built so that capacity and load could be planned and scheduled,“閉環式物料需求規劃 在物料和產能上有,很大的進步。,10,1980,MRP,11,Manufacturing Resource Planning(MRP),背景,1.,every piece of inventory moved,finances moved as well.,2.In 1985,Dick Ling and others brought sales and operations planning to the management toolbox.During this time,few computer tools were commercially available to complete these calculations.The sales and operations planning process was accomplished offline in a manual process and reviewed on a monthly basis.,12,The Oliver Wight ABCD Checklist (ABCD,檢測表),一個以成功範例為典範，來維持品質及便利實行的檢測表。,Describes in detail the behaviors and expected business practices required to accomplish the best return on investment from a MRP implementation.,13,MRP,定義,1.APICS:“提供製造業有效規劃所有資源的方法(By APICS-a method for the effective planning of all resources of a manufacturing company.),14,MRP,一套提供物料需求能見度以及操作產能規劃的商業軟體；除了結合會計系統，更進一步的增加財物管理的能力，如此，工廠中所有的資源將被計劃和控制。,(,An integrated business-system that provided visibility of the,requirements of material and capacity driven from a desired,operations plan,allowed input of detailed activities,translated,all this activity to a financial statement,and suggested actions,to address those items that were not in balance with the,desired plan.),15,Just in Time(JIT),Background,在1980年代晚期和1990早期，配送時間(“time to market)越來越短。,Lead times expected by the market continued to shorten and customers were no longer satisfied with the service level that was considered world class only a few years earlier.,APICS 把重心從 the MRP革命(“MRP crusade)轉移到零庫存革命(“zero inventory crusade)。,16,1990,ERP,17,競爭力與利益,1.滿足顧客對商品的要求；,何時送達、目的地、及送達方式的,customization,2.JIT,制度與供應商合作關係的建立,3.所有企業的責任並非只有製造部,=把焦點放在整合管理資源,18,如何使下層員工在情報缺乏的情況下做決策,1.訊息技術(,IT)：,一個單一的管理系統來貯存,資料與提供有價值的資訊,2.個人電腦改革=新的客戶與,server,端技術,3.軟體技術成為最重要的一環,19,ERP的功能,在網路結構中實行，遠超過MRP2的能力,範圍包含了在企業中所有資源的規劃,不只在製造部門造成影響，並藉由資產及資訊的最正确化來達到競爭力,20,結論,為何很多例子嘗試使用,MRP、MRP2、ERP,來改造企業都會失敗?,1.沒有了解各個工具的歷史與其應用方法,2.不一樣的情況下應該視環境有所調整,21,
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