专业英语人工智能最终版

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2015-8-18,#,Artificial,Intelligence,Communications 1202,Group 7,ArtificialIntelligence,Search engines,Labor,Appliances,Science,content,Definition,Meanings,History and greatmen,Developing and difficulties,Knowledge,Current situation,Applications and Achievements,Future,Definition,定义,Artificial,I,ntelligence(AI)is the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science that aims to create it.,Definition in AI textbook:”the study and design of intelligent agents”,人工智能（,AI,）是机器智能与计算机科学，旨在创建它的分支。在,AI,教科书的定义：“学习的智能代理的设计。”,人工智能是计算机科学的前沿，充满机遇和挑战。,“,A student in physics might reasonably feel that all the good ideas have already been taken by Galileo,Newton,Einstein,and the rest,and that it takes many years of study before one can contribute new ideas,AI,on the other hand,still has openings for a full-time Einstein.,”,_,Artificial Intelligence:A modern Approach,（一位在物理学领域的学生会理所当然的认为所有的好点子已经被伽利略，牛顿，爱因斯坦和其他人，它需要许多年前的研究能做出贡献的新思路，另一方面，,AI,，仍然作为一个全职的爱因斯坦。）,“Science of making machines do things,that would require intelligence if done by man.,”,让机器做的事情，需要智慧，如果做了人的科学。,Minsky,“make computer more useful,and to understand principles that make intelligence possible.,”,使电脑更加有用和明白原则，使智力成为可能。,Winston,The exciting new effort to make computers thinks,machine with minds,in the full and literal sense”,(Haugeland 1985),“The art of creating machines that perform functions that require intelligence when performed by people”(Kurzweil,1990),“The study of mental faculties through the use of computational models”,(Charniak et al.1985),A field of study that seeks to explain and emulate intelligent behavior in terms of computational processes”(Schalkol,1990),Systems that think like humans,Systems that think rationally,Systems that act like humans,Systems that act rationally,Views of AI fall into four categories:,What is AI?,1956,Birth,Enthusiasm,（,狂热）,1966,Difficulties,Neural Networks Reborn,1986,Computational Intelligence,1969,IJCAI was held,1970,AI was launched,Knowledge Engineering,1977,Present,国际人工智能联合会议,The History of AI,Secondary Translation-Machine Translation,the spirit is willing but the flesh is weakthe vodka is good but the meat is rotten,Combinatorial explosion problem(,组合爆炸,),The fact that a program can find a solution in principle does not means that the program contains any of the mechanisms needed to find it in practice.,Perceptron limitations(,感知机局限性,),A two-input perceptron cannot be trained to recognize when its two inputs are different.,Difficulties,McCarthy,麦卡锡,Minsky,明斯基,Shannon,香农,Greatmen,T,he,American scholar McCarthy who is considered the father of artificial intelligence of organized a Society,many experts and scholars gathered together for a discussion of up to two months.Inviting them to participate in the Summer,Dartmouth,Artificial Intelligence Research Society.Since then,this field is named artificial intelligence,McCarthy,麦卡锡,Example,In machine learning,in 1957 Rosenblatt(,罗森布拉特,)successfully developed Perceptron(,感知机,),;,在,1957,年机器产生时代，罗森布拉特成功的研制出感知机。,achievement,In theorem proving,in 1958 Wang Hao in the IBM-704 machine with a 3-5 minute proved all 220 theorem“Principia Mathematica”in the relevant propositional calculus;In 1965,Robinson made due to the resolution principle(,归结原理,),;,定理证明，,1958,年,王皓用,IBM-704,机用,3-5,分钟的证明所有,220,定理“数学原理”中的相关命题演算,;1965,年，罗宾逊作出了应有的决议,原则。,In,pattern recognition(,模式识别,),1959 Selfridge(,塞尔福里奇,)launched,a,pattern recognition program;1965 Roberts prepared a distinguished,building,block construction procedures(,可分辨积木构造程序,),;,1959,年,塞尔弗里奇用模式识别推出,了模式识别程序,;1965,年罗伯茨准备了杰出的建筑模块结构的,程序。,In terms of problem solving(问题求解):1960 Newell(纽厄尔)compiled a universal problem solver(GPS),can solve 11 different types of problems;,In expert systems(专家系统):the results of the 1968 Feigenbaum(费根鲍姆)developed DENDRAL expert system and put into use;,achievement,在专家系统：,1968,的结果费根鲍姆开发,DENDRAL,“专家系统”并投入使用；,在解决问题方面：,1960,纽厄尔编译一个普遍的问题解决者,(GPS),可以解决,11,个不同类型的问题,;,May 1997,the U.S.IBMs“Deep Blue”supercomputer beat the world chess champion Garry Kasparov(,卡斯帕罗夫,).,The great achievements of artificial intelligence,1997,五月，美国,IBM,的“深蓝”超级计算机击败了国际象棋世界冠军卡斯帕罗夫（卡斯帕罗夫）。,Computational Intelligence thriving(90s-now),Artificial Neural Network,人工神经网络,Genetic Algorithm,遗传,算法,Fuzzy Reasoning,模糊推理,Particle,Swarm Optimization,粒子群优化,Artificial Immune System,人工免疫系统,A,rt,ificial,intelligence(人工智能),Turing test(图灵测试),pattern recognition(模式识别),expert systems(专家系统),Neural Network(神经网络),The,Turing,test(1936),Alan turing,（1912-1954）,The Turing test is a test of a machines ability to exhibit intelligent behavior or indistinguishable from that of a human.If the judger cannot reliably tell the machine from the human,the machine is said to have passed the test.,图灵测试是一种测试机器的能力,表现出人类的智能行为或难以区分的。如果测试的人不能明确地区分出人类和机器,这台机器就通过了测试。,Applications,The main areas,General machine intelligence,conversationl behavior,data-mining,一般机器智能,对话行为,数据挖掘,Driverless cars,robot soccer and games,无人驾驶汽车,机器人足球和游戏,Robot soccer Conve