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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,The British Welfare System,What does welfare mean?What is the welfare state like?,Health,comfort and freedom from want,a“,safety net,”which is designed to help the most vulnerable,protection against the unexpected hazards of life(for example,losing a job,becoming sick,having an accident),The welfare state provides,education,housing,sustenance,healthcare,pensions,unemployment insurance,sick leave or,time off due to injury,etc.,.Health and Social Services,1.Britain is regarded as a welfare state.,The welfare state is a system of government by which the state provides the economic and social security of its citizens through its organization of health services,pensions and other facilities.,This system is funded out of national insurance contributions and taxation.,The system applies mainly to the National Health Service(NHS),national insurance and social security.,2.The National Health Service(NHS),The National Health Service provides for every resident a full range of medical services.,It was based at first on Acts of Parliament,one for England and Wales passed in 1946 and one forScotland passed,Who started the idea?,William Beveridge(1879-1963),a British economist and social,reformer,closely associated with,the development of the welfare state.,”Beveridge Report,1)to establish the National Health Service with,free medical treatment for all;,2)to provide”social security”so that the,population would be protected from the,”cradle to the grave”,The operation of the welfare state,Four main parts:,The system of national insurance,unemployed,old,sick,etc,The national health service,free medical care for all,Supplementary benefits,low income(for basic standard living),Family allowance or children benefit,National Insurance,Everybody who is working,either for himself or for an employer,is obliged to contribute a fixed amount each week to the,national insurance fund,It is like an immense insurance company with which every single citizen is,compulsorily,insured.,Contributory benefits,e.g.retirement pension,widows benefit,jobseekers allowance,maternity allowance,incapacity benefit,etc.,NHS(National Health Service),In order to obtain the benefits of the national Health Service a person must normally be registered on,a general practitioner,s list.,first go to see the GP(gives treatment or prescribes medicine)go to hospital if necessary,written prescription a chemists shop,The health service funds pay for the cost of each“prescription”above the patients contribution,but for small children and people with low incomes there is no charge at all.,Question:,Only the people with British citizenship can receive free medical attention in the UK?,Family allowance or child benefit,How much is child benefit?,Who can receive it?,How many parents claim it?,Where does the money come from?,National insurance fund,Social security benefits,(paying out benefits to people who are unemployed,or unable to earn because they are old or sick),General taxation,NHS,(80%of the costs of the NHS are paid for out of general taxation,the remainder out of national insurance contributions.),Problems,Different Attitudes:,Some people criticize the welfare state for being,too generous,.Others claim that it is,not generous enough,.,Need a bit more,healthy competition,and a bit more,healthy fear,of unemployment,“I came to office with one deliberate intent:to change Britain from a dependent to a self-reliant society;from a,give-it-to-me,to,a do-it-yourself,nation;a,get-up-and-go,instead of a,sit-back-and-wait,Britain.”,-,Margaret Thatcher,Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a welfare state.,Comprehensive Work,Next Weeks Presentations,Television talent show/competition:,American Got Talent(英国达人,X-factor(英国偶像,Soap operas：,Eastenders 东区人,Coronation Street加冕街,Brief introduction of its history,The present system,The influences of the system,Measures to solve the problems,History of Welfare State in UK,二英国现代社会保障制度的建立,1、建立背景,随着工业化的不断深入，社会冲突突出：政府举办的济贫活动杯水车薪，民间互助使的宽阔贫民付不起互助金，贫富分化日益加剧等。,2、思想根底,自由主义思想强调有限的自由，供给自由的共享性；集体主义思潮关注公共利益、建立社会保障制度；费边主义,3、建立与进展阶段,1自由党执政前的社会保障政策,1905年英国政府通过了类似“以工代赈”的个人失业法，由于资金问题，随后贝弗里奇提出建立劳动交换所与事业保险结合，解决失业者就业与救济失业。,2英国社会保障体系的形成,1906年，自由党执政，新自由助于正式成为英国官方政策的重要根底。失业问题的解决1909年劳动介绍所法、1911年失业保险法其次局部、老年问题的解决1908年养老金法、安康问题的解决国民保险法第一局部安康保险法,3第一次世界大战后英国社会保障制度的初步进展,a、失业保险制度等的进展：失业保险支出的增加，使得政府陷入两难境地-失业保险双轨制得建立，以1934年失业保险法使得失业保险制度与失业救济制度分别。,b、养老保险制度的进展：养老金制度的免费性的局限性，使得1925年保守党提出寡妇、孤儿、老年人缴费养老保险金，1937年又公布寡妇、孤儿及老年人自愿缴费养老金法，扩大了适用范围。,4贝弗里奇报告与福利国家的建立,其次次世界大战及战后英国工党执政时期，由于原有制度的缺乏内容构成简单，各工程过分独立，治理简单，津贴类型多样化需要进展改革。英国在“贝弗里奇”报告的指导下，建成了比较全面的福利国家制度。,贝弗里奇报告原则及影响。,“福利国家”社会保障制度的进展：1946年，英国公布了国民保险法和国民医疗保健法，1948年公布了国民救济法，这三个法律的实施，标志着英国已经建成了现代社会保障制度，保险掩盖面已经普及全体公民，保险工程已经到达了“从摇篮到坟墓的水平”。,三20世纪70年月以来英国社会保障制度的改革,福利国家制度在相当长的时间内运行良好，但是随着经济的持续衰落，英国从20世纪70年月开头面临严峻的经济与社会危机。福利病,1、英国社会救助制度的改革,1逆境：社会救助支出不断增加、经济面临逆境、社会救助治理效率低下、高福利造成劳动乐观性下降,2改革措施,a、保守党政府新自由主义思想-转变社会救助的“普遍性原则”，实施“选择性原则”、直接降低社会救助支出的标准、改革社会保障制度的一些惯例，适应社会救助支出降低的需要。保守党实行的是激进式改革，改革触犯
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