新编语用学概论(何自然)第9章资料课件

,第九章 跨语言与跨文化语用研究,第九章 跨语言与跨文化语用研究,一、语用迁移,语用迁移：,P256,就是外语学习者将母语、母语文化中的有关语用知识直接借用到外语的使用与理解中来。,一、语用迁移语用迁移：P256,If you do not leave me,we will die together.,1.,你如果不离开我，我就和你同归于尽（四级水平）。,2.,你若不离不弃，我必生死相依（六级水平）。,3.,问世间情为何物？直教人生死相许（八级水平）。,4.,天地合，乃敢与君绝（专家水平）。,5.,你在或不在，爱就在那里，不增不减（活佛水平）。,6.,死鬼，你敢找野女人，老娘死给你看。（老婆翻译）,If you do not leave me,we wil,1.,正向迁移,:P257,在相同语境条件下，当学习者所形成的语用特征在结构、功能、分布等方面与目标语说话人（即本族语人）的特征一样，而且在学习者的第一语言（或母语）中也存在类似特征时，就是正向语用迁移。,1.正向迁移:P257,Im sorry.,See you later.,No zuo no die/No,pain no gain,Open the window!,Would you mind opening the window?,Its hot here.,Im sorry.,2.,负向迁移,当外语学习者的中介语在结构、用法、功能、分布等方面的语用特征与第一语言（或母语）所对应的特征相同或近似，但不等同于外语或第二语言时，就会出现负向语用迁移。,2.负向迁移,美国教师：,You are a very clever woman.,中国学生：,No,I am not a woman,I am a girl,.,Thats a lovely dress you have on,No,no,its just a very ordinary dress.,新编语用学概论(何自然)第9章资料课件,二、英汉语用差异,1,、社交应酬方面的语用差异,（,1,）招呼用语的语用差异,“你来了？”,/,“上班去？”,/,“下班了？”,“上哪去？”,/“,吃了吗？”,Have you had your lunch?,Have you had your meal?,Where are you going,？,二、英汉语用差异1、社交应酬方面的语用差异,Good morning!/How are you?,How are you doing?,Hi/Hello,Lovely weather,ist it?/Yes,it is.,Good afternoon!/Good evening/Good night,Good morning!/How are you?,（,2,）道别用语的语用差异,再见,/,一路顺风！,/,慢慢走！,/,走好！,请回！,/,请留步！,/,拜拜！,（2）道别用语的语用差异,Bye!/Bye-bye/Good-bye!,I wish you a pleasant journey!,good luck!,Its nice meeting you.,Im glad to have met you.,Its been a pleasant stay,Bye!/Bye-bye/Good-bye!,（,3,）恭维与赞扬的语用差异,甲：你这件毛衣真漂亮！,乙：漂亮什么呀！都穿好几年了。,甲：听说你俩很会做菜。,乙：哪里都是乱做些家常菜。,甲：今天穿得这么漂亮啊！,乙：谢谢！,（3）恭维与赞扬的语用差异,A:You look smart in your sweater.,B:Thank you.,A:You did a good job last night.,B:Did I?Thanks to John,he helped me a lot.,A:You look smart in your sweat,A:Whose sitting-room do you like better?,B:I dont think theres much to choose,but on the whole I prefer yours.,C:Im glad to hear that.,A:Whose sitting-room do you li,（,4,）邀请与应答方面的语用差异,Thank you,All right,I 11 try to come.,Yes or no?,I ll try(to come).,（4）邀请与应答方面的语用差异,Will you have a cup of coffee?,Thank you.,Yes,please/No,thank you.,Will you have a cup of coffee?,劝食：,来，尝尝这个菜,/,Come on,taste this.,慢漫吃,多吃点,/Take your time and eat more.,慢慢吃,/,Eat slowly,多吃点儿，别客气,/,Help yourself and have more,劝食：,吃好了没有？,/,没吃饱吧？,/,你可能还没吃好,吃好了,/,吃得很好,/,吃得很饱,I enjoy the meal/the party.,Give me a call sometime.,Lett have lunch sometime.,吃好了没有？/没吃饱吧？/你可能还没吃好,（,5,）道谢与道歉方面的语用差异,服务人员：,“不用谢，这是我们应该做的”,Thats my duty.,Im glad to be of help,.,很高兴帮你做点什么,（5）道谢与道歉方面的语用差异,2,、人际关系方面的语用差异,（,1,）家庭成员之间,称谓,了呼语的语用差异,Daddy/Mummy;Dad/Mum;Father/Mother,John/Johnny;Bob/Robert;Sam/Samual,Pat/Patricia;Lizzy/Liz/Elizabeth,Second elder brother/third younger sister.,叔叔；伯伯；大妈,/,大娘,/,阿姨,2、人际关系方面的语用差异,（,2,）非家庭成员之间称谓呼语语用差异,李教授、王师傅、张秘书、刘经理；先生,Doctor;Judge;Professor,Mr/Mrs;Ms/Miss;Professor;Doctor,John Smith/Mr John Smith/Mr Smith/John,刘德华,/Mr Liu/Mr Dehua/Dehua,（2）非家庭成员之间称谓呼语语用差异,分析例中“王老”和“老王”的意义,曾经有人说过“名人和凡人有什么差别呢？,名人老了，称呼变成王老，凡人就只能叫老王。”,Old Zhang/Old Li;Lao Zhang/Lao Li,Did you wish me to be as old as that clay figurine?Id prefer to be always young!,分析例中“王老”和“老王”的意义,（,3,）敬语和谦辞方面的语用差异,“请教”“高见”“光临”“久仰”,“拜读”“拜见”“大作”“贵校”,“拙作”“愚见”“寒舍”“便饭”,（3）敬语和谦辞方面的语用差异,“,浪费大家时间了”,“,不妥之处清大家指正”,“,以上只是个人的粗浅看法,很不全面”,“欢迎诸位批评指正”,“挂一漏万”,/“,抛砖引玉”,“浪费大家时间了”,I hope youll enjoy my talk.,Comments are welcome.,Thank you,I hope youll enjoy my talk.,（,4,）隐私和禁忌等方面的语用差异,年龄,/,收入,/,婚姻,/,爱情,/,子女,/,体重,/,宗教,卧室,/,办公室,Be careful!,小心,/,开慢点,/,这里车多，注意！,（4）隐私和禁忌等方面的语用差异,三、语用失误,言语交际中因没有达到完满的交际效果而出现的差错统称“语用失误”,（,P268,）,三、语用失误言语交际中因没有达到完满的交际效果而出现的差错,1,、语用语言失误,A:Thanks a lot,youve done great work.,B:Never mind,Could you tell me,when,we get to London,please.,Dont worry,love,its a big place,and its impossible to miss it!(,what time,),Sorry,I havent finished it yet.Could you wait for a while.(extend the deadline a few days),1、语用语言失误,Teacher:Who would like to answer the question,George?,George:No,I wouldnt.,Could you possibly,read through this by Friday,Perhaps you could,read through this by Friday.,Teacher:Who would like to an,I was sorry to hear about your Grandma.,I was sorry to hear that your Grandma killed herself.,I wonder if you could possibly lend me two yuan since weve been friends for years.,Do have another drink.,I was sorry to hear about your,2,、社交语用失误,(P273),Go to work happily,and come back home safely!,Hi,where are you going?,You flatter me(,过奖了）。,I feel ashamed(,惭愧）,2、社交语用失误(P273),Would you be kind enough to lend the magazine to me?,Excuse me,would you mind taking me to the airport?,Airport,please.,Would you be kind enough to le,小结：,一、语用迁移,1.,正向迁移,2.,负向迁移,小结：一、语用迁移,二、英汉语用差异,1,、社交应酬方面的语用差异,（,1,）招呼用语的语用差异,（,2,）道别用语的语用差异,（,3,）恭维与赞扬的语用差异,（,4,）隐私和禁忌等方面的语用差异,（,5,）道谢与道歉方面的语用差异,二、英汉语用差异,2,、人际关系方面的语用差异,（,1,）家庭成员之间,称谓,了呼语的语用差异,（,2,）非家庭成员之间称谓呼语语用差异,（,3,）敬语和谦辞方面的语用差异,（,4,）隐私和禁忌等方面的语用差异,2、人际关系方面的语用差异,三、语用失误,1,、语用语言失误,2,、社交语用失误,(P273),三、语用失误,下节课：,第十章 语言顺应论和关联理论,下节课：,语用差异欣赏,语用差异欣赏,新编语用学概论(何自然)第9章资料课件,