英语时态结构

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,英语时态结构,11/24,一般现在时,主语,+,is/am/are+n./adj,主语,+do/does+,宾语,一般将来时,:,will/shall+do,is/am/are going to do/be to do/be about to do,过去将来时,:,could/would do,现在完成时,:,have/has done,过去完成时,:,had done,将来完成时,:,shall/will have done,过去将来完成时,:,would/could have done,现在进行时,:,Is/am/are doing,过去进行时,:,was/were doing,将来进行时,:,will/shall be doing,过去将来进行时,:,would/could be doing,现在完成进行时,:,have/has been doing,过去完成进行时,:,had been doing,将来完成进行时,:,shall have been doing,过去将来完成进行时,:,would have been doing,完成时,perfect tense,现在完成时,现在完成时的用法,主语,+have(has)+,过去分词,(done),（,1.,）定义：现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的,动作,或,状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在,.,I have lost my wallet.(,含义是,:,现在我没有钱花了,.),Jane has laid the table.(,含义是,:,简已在吃饭,.),Michael has been ill.(,含义是,:,现在仍然很虚弱,),He has returned from abroad.(,含义是,:,现在已在此地,),（,2.,）定义,2,：现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的情况,常与,for,since,连用,.,Mary has been ill for three days.,I have lived here since 1998.,注意：,1.,现在完成时不能单独与准确时间连用，如,yesterday(morning,、,afternoon),last(morning,、,afternoon),等，除非与,for,since,连用,.,2.,现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用,如,already,yet,just,before,recently,still,lately,等,:,He,has already obtained,a scholarship.,I,havent seen,much of him,recently(lately).,We,have seen,that film,before.,Have,they,found,the missing child,yet,3.,现在完成时常常与,表示频度的时间状语,连用,如,often,sometimes,ever,never,twice,on several occasion,等,:,Have you,ever,been to Beijing,I have,never,heard Bunny say anything against her.,I have used this pen only,three times,.It is still good.,George has met that gentleman on,several,occasions.,4.,现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用,如,now,up to these few days/weeks/months/years,this morning/week/month/year,now,jus,t,toda,y,up to present,so far,等,:,Peter has written six papers,so far,.,Man has,now,learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.,There has been too much rain in San Francisco,this year.,The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced,in the past few years.,Up to the present,everything has been successful.,5.,现在完成时表示现在之前业已完成的动作,虽然其效果或影响仍然存在但已不再继续,但是有一些现在完成时的句子,在后面加上,for+,一段时间,则现在完成时的动作就表示延续性,.,Thomas has studied Russian.,(,现在不再学俄语,),Thomas has studied Russian for three years.(=Thomas began to study Russian three years ago,and is still studying it now,6.,现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内,重复发生的动作,.,We have had four texts this semester.,现在完成时的“,完成用法,”和“,未完成用法,”,1.,现在完成时的,完成用法,现在完成时的,完成用法,指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束，但该动作对现在产生了影响，与现在情况具有因果关系。,例如：,He has turned off the light.,他已把灯关了。,(,动作结束于过去，但说明的是现在的情况,-,灯现在不亮了。,),现在完成时“完成用法”的特点是,动作不延续,，因此，该时态只能与表示不定的,过去时间状语,(,如：,already,，,yet,，,before,，,recently,等,),、,频度时间状语,(,如：,never,，,ever,，,once,等,),、,包括现在时刻在内的时间状语,(,如：,this morning,month,year.,，,today,等,),连用。,例如：,Have you found your pen yet,？,你已找到你的钢笔了吗？,2,.,现在完成时的,未完成用法,现在完成时的,未完成用法,指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻，一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去。,例如：,He,has lived,here since 1978.,自从,1978,年以来，他一直住在这儿。,(,动作起始于,1978,年，一直住到现在，可能还要继续住下去。,),I,have been in,the army for more than 5 years.,我在部队已经呆了五年多了。,(,动作开始于,5,年前，一直延续至今，有可能还要继续下去。,),此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语,(,由,since,或,for,引导,),，或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语,(,如：,up to now,，,so far,),等。,例如：,I have heard nothing from him up to now.,到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。,注意：,(1),现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词，不可用于终止性动词，即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。如：,come,，,go,，,arrive,，,leave,，,join,，,become,，,die,等。,(2),现在完成时常见两种句型：,for,短语,It is,一段时间,since,从句,.,一段时间,+,has passed+since,从句,.,主语,have/has been,since,短语,例如：,He,has been,in the League,for,three years.,或,It is,three years since he,joined,the League.,或,It has been,three years since he,joined,the.,他入团已三年了,一,.have/has been doing sth.,1.,现在完成进行时,当后面接有一段时间的词时,或是加表示时间的词时,可以用现在完成时,.,如果这件事现在还在持续或还在做,则可用,现在完成进行时,.,如,:I,have been skating,for 4 hours.,I,have finished,my homework.,2.,现在完成时的被动语态,.,后接动词的过去分词,.,如,:The building,has been,built,for 5 years.,过去完成时,1,）概念：表示过去的过去,过去完成时：即过去的过去所发生的事情！,其构成是,主语,+had+,过去分词,。,2,）用法,a,.,在,told,said,knew,heard,thought,等动词后的宾语从句。,She said(that)she had never been to Paris.,b.,状语从句,在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。,When the police,arrived,the thieves,had run away,.,c.,表示意向的动词,，如,hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose,等，用过去完成时表示,原本,，未能,We,had hoped,that you would come,but you didnt.,3),过去完成时的时间状语,before,by,until,when,after,once,as soon as,。,He,said,that he,had learned,some English,before,.,By the time,he,was,twelve,Edison,had begun,to make a living by himself.,Tom,was disappointed,that most of the guests,had left,when he,arrived,at the party.,典型例题,The students _ busily when Miss Brown,went to,get a book she _ in the office.,A.had written,left B.were writing,has left,C.had written,had left D.were writing,had left,答案,:D.,把书忘在办公室,发生在,去取书,这一过去的动作之前，因此,忘了书,这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中,when,表示的是时间的一点，表示在,同学们正忙于,这一背景下，,when,所引导的动作发生。因此,前一句应用过去进行时。,注意：,had no when,还没等,就,had no soonerthan,刚,就,He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.,过去完成时的用法,（,1,）,表示过去某一时刻之前已经完成的动作，常与由,by,，,before,引导的时间状语连用。,We had learned 5000 words,by the end of last month.,到上个月底为止我已经学了五千个单词。,I had finished the composition,before supper,.,晚饭前我就已经把作文写完了。,过去完成时的用法,（,2,）,