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,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,HIV,合并肝炎,提纲,流行病学,肝炎的预防,HCV,HBV,流行病学,具有相同的传播途径,慢性感染率高,欧洲和美国,流行病学,在,HIV,病人中丙肝感染率:在西方世界有近,25%,的,HIV,感染者患有慢性丙型肝炎。美国有近,10%,的慢性丙型肝炎病人同时感染,HIV,。,研究发现,HIV,感染者中,6,13,共同感染,HBV,。共同感染,HIV,更常见于来自两种病毒流行地区的人,如撒哈拉以南的非洲。,乙肝慢性,HBV,感染,在西方,在,HIV,阳性的患者当中慢性,HBV,感染是低于,在男性同性恋和吸毒中最高。,在亚洲合并感染率在。,在西方乙肝感染在青少年和早期成年的性欲活动。尽管在免疫正常的人中自发清除率,,但是在,HIV,病人慢性感染率是。,肝炎的预防,1.,既往没有肝炎的病史的患者,予以甲肝和乙肝疫苗,2.,对病人的教育,减少疾病的传播,3.,避免酒精和限制使用其他肝脏毒性药物,HCV,和,HIV,相互作用,1.,加速了丙肝的进程,肝硬化的进程,失代偿肝病发生,的肝细胞癌的发生,死亡,HCV,和,HIV,相互作用,2.,影响患者的认知和精神功能,3.,增加了糖尿病的患病率,4.,影响,HAART,的治疗(),肝脏损害的分析,肝活检(可以帮助选择治疗、提供预后的重要指标),注:,In one study,29%of patients with HIV and HCV coinfection and persistently normal alanine aminotransferase levels had considerable fibrosis that warranted treatment,目前没有非侵袭性检查可以代替肝活检。,对于有肝硬化的病人应当常规检测失代偿肝病和肝癌的证据,以安排肝移植。,丙肝的治疗目标,1.,保证持续的病毒学的反应,2.,停止肝脏损伤,可能逆转肝脏的纤维化。,在结束治疗后血清,HCV RNA,持续,6,月的阴性,这是目前治疗丙肝的目标。,丙肝治疗药物,聚二乙醇干扰素,利巴韦林,这种方案对丙肝不是特殊的,但是他们同时具有免疫调节和抗病毒作用,。,丙肝治疗药物,1.PEG-IFN,:,180ug/kg IH QW,2.,利巴韦林,:,基因,1,或,4,型(,75kg:,1200mg QD,,,75kg:1000mg QD),基因,2,或,3,型,(,800mg QD),基因,1,或,4,型,:PEG-IFN,联合,利巴韦林,治疗,48,周,基因,2,或,3,型,:PEG-IFN,联合,利巴韦林,治疗,24,周,丙肝治疗药物,不论基因型所有患者接受了,48,周治疗,在基因,1,或,4,中病毒反应是,14,-44,(,HBV,单独感染,42%,到,46%,),基因,2,或,3,型是,44,(,HBV,单独感染,76%,及,82,)治疗很好地耐受。,一个小型的研究在体重基础的利巴韦林在联合感染病人对比丙肝单独感染分别为,18,和,39%,反应率。尽管利巴韦林剂量在联合感染更有可能减量。,目前的问题,反应效果在低,CD,的病人,对不同基因型的疗程。,此外,节制饮酒和药物滥用开始对持久的病毒反应的作用不清。,对于治疗失败的病人,甚至在缺乏病毒学治愈,长时间使用干扰素是否有利于纤维化的进程。,两个重要的药物进展是丝氨酸蛋白酶(非结构蛋白)和依赖于,RNA,的,RNA,聚合酶(非结构蛋白)。早期二期研究对蛋白酶抑制剂(,-950,)显示在治疗中,早期的病毒载量的显著下降。然而进一步研究需要在确定与抗逆转录病毒治疗或其他治疗的相互作用。,HBV,与,HIV,影响,1.,增加了肝硬化、终末期肝病和其导致的死亡,注:特别在低,CD4,计数和长期饮酒的人群,2.,更易发生慢性感染和高的,HBV-DNA,的复制,注:在免疫正常的大于,30,岁人群,,HBV-DNA,水平与肝硬化和肝癌相关。但是在合并,HIV,人群没有这方面的资料。,乙肝血清学,在单独,anti-HBc,阳性的病人,有,10-40,可以检测到,HBV-DNA,的水平。,推荐所有,HIV,病人应当查,HBsAg,、,anti-HBs,、,anti-HBc,。如果,HBsAg,和,anti-Hbc,任一种阳性,应当检测,HBV-DNA,的水平。如果没有,HBV-DNA,的水平的病人应当接种疫苗。,HIV,中,HBV,感染的特点,HBV,和,HIV,共同感染者倾向于,HBV DNA,水平更高、自发性,HBeAg,血清转换率更低、肝病更严重且肝脏相关死亡率增加。,肝炎的严重发作(,flares,)会发生于,HAART,开始后经过免疫重建,CD4,计数低的,HIV,共同感染患者。,HBV/HIV,共同感染患者肝酶升高可由除,HBV,外的其它因素引起,包括,HAART,和某些机会感染如巨细胞病毒和鸟分枝杆菌,。,治疗目标,1.,抑制病毒复制(没有,HBV-DNA,和,HBcAg,转阴),2.,肝病的改善,治疗的时机?,乙肝治疗(,AASLD,),对于符合慢性乙型肝炎诊断标准的患者应当实施治疗(,)。一过性或轻微,ALT,升高(,1,2ULN,)的患者应当考虑肝活检(,-3,)。,对于没有进行,HAART,治疗和近期不需要进行,HAART,治疗的患者,应当选用无抗,HIV,活性药物进行抗乙型肝炎病毒治疗,例如聚乙二醇化干扰素,、阿德福韦酯或恩替卡韦。尽管替比夫定无抗,HIV,活性,但在这种情况下不应当选用(,-3,)。,对于正在接受有效,HARRT,治疗的患者,若,HARRT,方案中无抗乙型肝炎病毒药物,则可选用聚乙二醇化干扰素,、阿德福韦酯或恩替卡韦治疗(,-3,)。,对于拉米夫定耐药患者,应当加用替诺福韦或阿德福韦酯治疗(,)。,当需要改变,HAART,方案时,不应当在无有效药物替代前就中断抗乙型肝炎病毒的有效药物,除非患者已经获得,HBeAg,血清转换,并完成了足够的巩固治疗时间(,-3,)。,乙肝治疗(,AASLD,),对于将要同时进行抗,HBV,和抗,HIV,治疗的患者,应当选用对这两种病毒均有效的药物。优先选用拉米夫定加替诺福韦或恩曲他滨加替诺福韦(,-3,)。,其对核苷酸耐药可能性和初期病毒抑制的程度呈反比。,HBV,的核苷类药物治疗,干扰素,在,HBV,病人的治疗反应较好,尤其在高转氨酶和低病毒复制,目前没有研究在,HBV,和,HIV,合并感染的随机对照实验,目前的问题,治疗的疗程,抗乙肝病毒和,HAART,治疗的相互关系,CD4,细胞数和病毒应答率的关系,谢谢,影响,HAART,的治疗,Results,:,Eight trials involving 6216 patients were analyzed.Patients with HIV-HCV coinfection had a mean increase in the CD4 cell count that was 33.4 cells/mm3(95%CI,23.5 43.3 cells/mm3)less than that for HIV-infected patients without HCV infection.,Conclusions,:,This meta-analysis shows that patients with HIV-HCV coinfection do,in fact,have less immune reconstitution,as determined by CD4 cell count after 48 weeks of HAART,than do patients with HCV infection alone.,Impact of Hepatitis C Virus on Immune Restoration in HIV-Infected Patients Who Start Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy:A Meta-analysis,Results:A total of 10 481 HIV-infected individuals were followed for a median of 1.9 years;19%had HCV.HCV infection was not associated with progression to AIDSOI or death after controlling for important confounding conditions.Factors significantly confounding the risk of both death and diagnosis of an AIDSOI were alcoholism,drug-induced hepatitis,and the type of ART prescribed.Acute and chronic hepatitis B infection confounded the risk of AIDSOI diagnosis.During the 12 months after starting HAART,proportional increases in CD4 cell counts did not differ between HCV-infected and HCV-uninfected individuals.Likewise,the short-term change in viral load did not differ.,Conclusion:In our cohort,HCV did not increase the risk of death or AIDSOI,and did not affect the early immunological or virological response to initial HAART.Clinicians should evaluate patients with HCV for other,manageable problems,including alcoholism and other viral hepatitis.,Effect of hepatitis C infection on progression of HIV disease and early response to initial antiretroviral therapy,Selection of hepatitis B virus polymerase mutations in HIV-coinfected patients treated with tenofovir.,RESULTS:,Mean exposure to LAM was 35.3+/-27.5 months and to TDF 11.2+/-6.7 months.Genotypic analyses from 21 of the patients revealed LAM-associated mutations,and a further two patients developed a novel mutation,rtA194T,along with LAM-resistance-associated mutations.Phenotypic analyses revealed that constructs harbouring rtA194T combined with rtL180M and rtM204V displayed an over 10-fold increase in the IC50 for TDF compared with the
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