化工构词特点课件

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,0,14 十一月 2024,1,化工构词特点,It appears that youve got the offer of a very good job.,A wonderful job.Are you going to take it?I dont think so.Why not?”I dont want to.,这是小说中的一段对说，属于口语文体。其特点是：用词自由，句法结构简单，短句与省略句多，自然朴素，生活气息浓厚。,听说有个很好的工作要你去干。挺好的工作。打算干吗？不。为什么不干？不想干。摘自刀锋（the Razors Edge）,Gone with wind：,Home!Ill go home,and Ill think of some way to get him back.After all,tomorrow is another day.,Titanic：,Jack:Listen,Rose.Youre going to get out of here.Youre going to go on.Youre going to make lots of babies,and youre going to watch them grow.You re going to die and old,an old lady in her warm bed,not here,not this,night,not like this.Do you understand me?,Forrest Gump,：,Life,is like a box of chocolate,you,never know what youre gonna get.,once I let a true love slip away before my eyes,only to find myself regretting when it was too late,nothing in the world,can,be as painful as this.,If the God,wound,give a chance,I,wound,tell the girl I love the girl;if our love have to be settled a time limit,I wish it,wound,be ten hounds of years!,In China hes known as the Flying Fish;in America they call him the Baltimore,（巴尔的摩）,Bullet,.,Whatever you call him,American swimmer Michael Phelps looks,destined to become,a,household name,across the world after breaking the Olympic record for most gold medals in a single Games.,Michael Phelps,dominated the field,in seven of his races and set an amazing seven world records in the process.,Michael Phelps,The,widespread,use of,halogenoalkanes,leads to pollution problems:,Aromatic halogen compounds and alkanes in which three or four halogen atoms are joined to the same carbon atom are not hydrolysedthey are not biodegradablebut are soluble in body fats.,This means that they get concentrated in organisms,which are then eaten by predators.,This results in an ever increasing concentration of these compounds in the body tissues of animals,further up the food chain,.,Pollution problems,They can serve as valuable,lead structures,and they are frequently needed as,starting materials,or as,intermediates,for important synthetic products,.,Several therapeutically significant natural products,which,were originally obtained from natural sources are today more effectively,i.e.more economically,prepared by total synthesis,.,Such examples include,L-amino acids,Chloramphenicol,caffeine,Dopamine,Epinephrine,Levodopa,peptide hormones,Prostaglandins,D-Penicillamine,Vincamine,and practically all vitamins.,科技英语以表达科技概念、理论和事实为主要目的，因此注重客观事实和真相，逻辑性强，条理规范，表达准确、精练及语言规范。,Scientific English,专业英语词汇特点,：,专业术语多，合成新词多，前后缀出现频率高，缩略词经常出现，非限定动词（,尤其是分词,）使用频繁,专业英语语法特点,：,常用形式主语和形式宾语、名词结构和被动语态使用频繁，复杂长句多，复合句多，每句包含的信息量大。,专业英语的修辞特点,：,时态运用有限，修辞手法简单，逻辑语法使用普遍。,如何学科技英语？,词汇,语法,专业词汇的特点,专业词汇的构词法,专业词汇的特点,1）普通词汇专业化,2）专业术语词义单一性,3）,较多使用前缀和后缀,4）大量使用同根词,5）广泛运用缩略词语,普通词汇的专业化,单词,普通词义,科技词义,solution,解决方案,溶液,order,次序、命令,级数,power,力量,功率,support,支持,支架,function,功能,函数,flash,闪耀,闪蒸,Green bodies are formed by pressing granules in a die.,词义专一,专业英语中的有大量专业词汇，这类词汇词形长、难念,不象文学词汇词形悦目、易于上口。但技术词汇词义专一，能用来表达确切的含义。,hydrolyze水解,alkane烷烃,evaporation蒸发,aluminumAl（铝）,oxidation 氧化,methylamine 甲胺,halogen卤素,nitroglycerin硝酸甘油,前缀和后缀(prefix and suffix),mono-monocrystal/monophase/monoatomic,di-dipole/carbon dioxide,bi-bicycle/biphase/binary compounds,poly-polymer/polyethylene/polyatomic,-lessnoiseless/stainless steel,-phone earphone/telephone/cellphone,-ics electronics/physics,amino-,amino acid/,aminobutene/aminobenzene.,chloro-,chloro-fluorocarbon/chloroamine.,-ane,methane/ethane/propane/butane.,-ene,ethene/propene/butene.,-yne,ethyne/propyne/butyne.,化学化工常用构词:,大量使用同根词,hard,hard,ly,hard,ness,hard,en,hard,enability,hard,ware,produce,product,product,ion,product,ivity,compress,compress,or,compress,ive,compress,ion,hexane,hexan,oic acid,hexa,nitrate,hexan,gular,广泛运用缩略形式,FDA Food and Drug Administration,(美国)食品及药物管理局,DNA-deoxyribonucleic acid,（脱氧核糖核酸）,HPLC High Performance Liquid Chromatography,(高效液相色谱）,PVC Poly(vinyl chloride),聚氯乙稀,PPM parts per million,(百万分率),IR，UV？,Word building（,构词法）,A common way of making new words in English is by adding standard combinations of letters to existing words,either at the beginning(prefixes)or at the end(suffixes).,By noting these carefully,you will find it is easy to make large increases in your recognition vocabulary.,既然绝大多数专业词汇是由一些基本的词根、词缀组合构成的，那么,掌握一些科技英语特别是本专业英语中常用的拉丁语和希腊语词根、词缀及必要的,构词知识,，就等于是找到一把打开科技英语专业词汇库的钥匙。,构词法,1.大部分词来自希腊语和拉丁语。,2.前缀和后缀出现频率非常高,构词法所得到主要的有如下几种：,1.合成词（composition）,2.派生词（derivation）,3.转换词（conversion）,专业词汇的构词有两个显著特点,：,合成词,（Composition）,合成词是专业英语中一大类词，其组成面广，多数,以短划线“”连接单词,构成，或者采用短语构成。,随着词汇的专用化，有些合成词中间的连线渐渐省略掉了，形成了一个独立的单词。,合成词并非可以随意构造，否则会造成一种非正常的英语句子结构，虽然可由多个单词构成合成词，但这种合成方式太冗长，应尽量避免。,合成词实例：,Electrochemical=,electr,ic+,chemical,Aramid=,ar,omatic+,amid,e,Redox=,red,uction+,ox,idation,派生词（Derivation）,这类词非常多，专业英语词汇大部分都是用派生法构成的，它是根据已有的词，通过对词根上各种,前缀和后缀,来构成新词。,这些词缀有,名词词缀,：inter-,sub-,in-,tele-,micro-等；,形容词词缀,：im-,un-,-able,-al,-ing,-ed等；,动词词缀,：re-,under-,de-,-en,con-等。,e.g.,“sub-”,subsoil 下层土 subdivide 再分；细分,s