资源描述
单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,消化道肿瘤,食管癌carcinoma of esophagus,胃癌carcinoma of stomach),大肠癌(carcinoma of large intestine),原发性肝癌primary carcinoma of liver,病理教研室版权所有,消化道恶性肿瘤的好发部位,from PATHOLOGY,p701,Emanuel Rubin,M.D.et al,一食管癌,carcinoma of esophagus,概况:,组织发生:食管黏膜上皮或腺体,发病率:较常见,全世界每年约有20万人死于此病,分布于中亚一带、非洲、法国北部、中南美。我国是高发区之一:太行山区、秦岭地区,特别是河南省林县,4064岁男性。世界发病率为478.87/10万人。,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,病因:尚未完全明了,有关因素:饮食因素,饮酒、吸烟及进食过快过硬过热,亚硝胺:酸菜中含有较多的亚硝酸盐,可合成亚硝胺,钼缺乏:它是硝酸盐复原酶的成分,缺钼使农作物的硝酸盐的含量增多,维生素缺乏,感染:HPV,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,食管癌病理变化:,部位:多发生在食管三个生理狭窄处,中段 多见下段上段。,早期食管癌:仅累及黏膜层或黏膜下层,未侵犯肌层,无淋巴结转移。,临床上不易发现,食管镜检查易漏掉。普查时:食管镜、“食道拉网法即带网气囊食管脱落细胞检查。,发现率6%,五年生存率 90%。,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,早期,食管癌,中晚期癌:有病症,噎梗感进行性吞咽困难。因为癌组织已在食管内浸润生长食管环行狭窄,或癌组织突入食管腔内。,大体分型,髓质型,蕈伞型,溃疡型,缩窄型,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,食管癌髓质型,髓质型食管癌:累及食管全部或大部,管壁内浸润生长,切面较软,似脑髓组织。,食管癌蕈伞型,蕈伞型食管癌:圆形或椭圆形,如蘑菇状向腔内突起,.,溃疡型食管癌:食管粘膜面有溃疡型肿物,边缘不整隆起,底部深达肌层,凹凸不平。,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,食管癌溃疡型,食管癌缩窄型,缩窄型食管癌:管壁内浸润生长,累及食管全周,伴纤维组织增生,形成环形狭窄。,组织学类型,:,鳞癌 约,90%,腺癌,未分化癌,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,鳞癌,食管鳞癌,(,免疫组化染色,),扩散:,淋巴道 常见,上段癌颈和上纵隔淋巴结,中段癌食管旁和肺门淋巴结,下段癌贲门旁、食管旁、腹腔上部淋巴结,血 道:肝、肺;肾、骨、肾上腺。,直接蔓延,上段癌喉、气管、颈部软组织,中段癌支气管食管支气管瘘胸导管、奇静脉、肺门及肺组织主动脉食管主动脉瘘大出血死亡,下段癌贲门、心包,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,病理与临床:,早期无病症,局部患者有咽食时胸骨后不适,疼痛、烧灼感或吞咽时有异物感等,这些病症时隐时现。,中晚期:进行性吞咽困难;反食,恶病质。,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,二胃癌,carcinoma of stomach),概述:最常见的癌肿之一,占我国消化道恶性肿瘤的第一位,全身癌肿的第五位。4060岁多发,近年来有年轻化趋势。北方比南方多,沿海比内地多,日本多,美国低。男:女=3:1或2:1。,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,病因及发病机制,:,1.HP,感染:,2.,饮食因素:高盐饮食、熏制食品及食物中的亚硝酸盐含量。,3.,癌基因,c-myc,、,erbB-2,的过度表达;抑癌基因,p53,、,k-ras,和,APC,的突变和缺失。,4.,某些癌前病变:如慢性萎缩性胃炎、胃息肉、慢性胃溃疡、恶性贫血、残胃等。,5.,遗传素质,:A,型血人发病率高,病理变化和类型,:,好发部位:胃窦部,尤其是小弯侧;其次为贲门部。,根据胃癌浸润胃壁的深度分期,早期胃癌,:无论范围大小及是否有局部淋巴结转移,癌组织浸润仅限于胃黏膜层及黏膜下层,。,其术后,5,年生存率,90,%,。,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,肉眼形态的早期分型:,型 隆起型:肿瘤如息肉状,从胃黏膜外表显著隆起,相当于粘膜厚度2倍以上。,型 表浅型:肿瘤呈扁平状,稍隆起于黏膜外表,其又分为3个亚型。,型凹陷型:癌组织较周围黏膜明显凹陷,但癌组织仅限于黏膜下层。,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,表浅型的,3,个亚型,a,表浅隆起型:高度小于粘膜厚度,2,倍,b,表浅平坦型:难发现,易漏掉,c,表浅凹陷型:伴糜烂,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,隆起型,溃疡型,表浅凹陷型,表浅平坦型,表浅隆起型,平坦型,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,早期胃癌组织学分型,管状腺癌,:,最多见,乳头状腺癌:,未分化型癌:少见,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,进展期胃癌,:癌组织浸润到胃粘膜下层以下者。,肉眼形态,蕈伞型,浸润型,息肉型,溃疡型,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,隆起型息肉或蕈伞型,溃疡型,弥漫浸润型,进展期胃癌,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,隆起型胃癌:微小弯近幽门侧见一半球型较大肿物凸向胃腔,灰白色,质地较硬,外表有溃疡。,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,溃疡型胃癌:底部常浸润性生长,边缘隆起呈火山口状,,底部凹凸不平,,质脆,易出血。,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,胃良性溃疡,溃疡型胃癌,胃良、恶性溃疡的区别,胃良、恶性溃疡的大体形态区别,良性溃疡,(,胃溃疡病,),恶性溃疡,(,溃疡型胃癌,),外形,圆形或椭圆形,不规则,火山喷口状,大小,溃疡直径,2.0cm,深度,较深,较浅,边缘,整齐,不隆起,不整齐,呈堤状隆起,底部,较平坦,清洁,凹凸不平,坏死出血明显,周围粘膜,粘膜皱襞向溃疡集中,粘膜皱襞中断、增厚,呈结节状肥厚,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,弥漫浸润型胃癌:胃壁增厚,变硬,胃腔缩小,皱襞大部消失。切面见灰白色的癌组织从粘膜层向下浸润生长,穿透了肌层。,革囊胃,革囊胃:,癌组织在胃壁内局部弥漫性浸润生长,与周围组织无明显界限,胃壁增厚、变硬,皱襞大多消失、弹性减退,胃腔缩小,形状同皮革制成的囊袋,称为革囊胃。,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,胃癌的组织发生,:,胃癌的细胞来源,:主要是胃腺颈部的干细胞,胃上皮,肠上皮,肠上皮化生与癌变:肠上皮化生大肠型肠型,胃癌,不典型增生与癌变:重度不典型增生多出现在癌旁,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,组织学分型,腺癌adenocacinoma:最多见,分化较高,恶性度较低,转移较晚。癌细胞多呈柱状,分为腺管状腺癌(glandular form)、乳头状腺癌(papillary form)、腺泡状腺癌(acinar form)。,胃高分化管状腺癌:有明显的腺管形成,先前大小不等,形状不规那么。癌细胞核大小不等,一行型明显,排列紊乱。,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,胃低分化腺癌:几乎无腺腔形成,癌细胞呈索状或小胞巢状排列,有重度的异型性。,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,髓样癌(medullary carcinoma):低分化腺癌。异型性显著,恶性度较高,较早向深层浸润。癌细胞无腺样排列,呈实体巢状或条索状。细胞大而多形。,硬癌scirrhous carcinoma):恶性度较高。癌细胞小,圆形、短梭形,呈条索状排列,细胞少,间质丰富。,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,粘液癌(mucoid carcinoma):恶性度高,癌细胞胞浆内出现大量粘液,将胞核挤于胞浆一侧,形似印戒,称为印戒细胞癌signet-ring cell carcinoma)。,癌细胞产生粘液,分泌到细胞外,形成大片粘液蓄积,称为粘液湖,癌细胞呈团块状漂于湖中,肉眼呈胶冻状,又称胶样癌colloid carcinoma).,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,扩散途径:,直接蔓延,淋巴道转移:癌组织幽门下及胃小弯的胃冠状静脉旁淋巴结腹主动脉旁淋巴结、肝门或肠系膜根部淋巴结,血道转移:晚期,门静脉肝、肺、脑、骨。,种植性转移:腹腔、卵巢转移性黏液瘤 Krukenberg瘤等,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,病理与临床联系,早期无病症,上腹饱胀、疼痛、食减、消瘦、贫血、幽门梗阻或吞咽困难、呕血、黑便(OB+)。,
展开阅读全文