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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,chapter 10 Alternative Paths among Developing Countries,In this chapter,well cover:,India:The Elephant Walks,Iran:A New Traditional Isalamic Economy,Mexico:Revolution and Reform,India:The Elephant Walks,Traditionalism based on the,Hindu caste system,Market capitalism dating from Indias ancient history of long-distance trade,Socialism and indicative planning after the country gained independence.,India:The Elephant Walks,Post-independence Economic Policies,Indias economic policies after independence have all been carried out by democratically elected governments.,The first five year plan(1951-55),The second five year plan(1956-1961),India:The Elephant Walks,The Indian Economic Plans had to be financed and this often meant taking resources away from agriculture and giving them to pet industries that were not viable on their own.,Moreover,India shut off imports with high tariffs,low quotas and outright banning.,India:The Elephant Walks,Economic Reform since 1991,The Indian reform process switched towards the“pro-market orientation.,the Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP),Since the inception of the reforms in 1991,Indias economic performance has improved appreciably,India:The Elephant Walks,the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act,The act mandated the implementation of an ambitious,demand-driven employment creation program aiming to benefit the rural poor with the income provided by jobs paying a socially acceptable wage and with projects to improve productivity in agriculture and alleviate land degradation.,India:The Elephant Walks,To conclude:,India possesses probably the worlds largest remaining traditional economy and also one of its largest state-owned sectors connected with a still-functioning central planning apparatus.,Iran:A New Traditional Isalamic Economy,New Traditional Economy.,The most important example of practical Islamic economics,。,Despite many controversies,core elements of,Islamic economics,have been adopted in Iran,such as,interest-free banking.,Iran:A New Traditional Isalamic Economy,Iranian Revolutionary Tradition,The Shii traditions,significantly contributed to the emergence of,the Islamic Revolution,in Iran.,Irans example has made it the leading role model for Islamic revolutions even among predominantly,Sunni nation,s.,Iran:A New Traditional Isalamic Economy,the Constitutional Revolution of 19051907,the Anglo-Persian Oil Company in 1909,the Qajar dynasty in 1925,In 1953 Britain and the United States,which opposed the principle of oil nationalization at the time,forced Mossadeq from power.,Iran:A New Traditional Isalamic Economy,recovered from the economic disruption of the oil nationalization period in the 1960s.,a series of antigovernment protests in 1977 and early 1978.,Following a national plebiscite,the Islamic republic of Iran was proclaimed officially on April 1,1979.,Iran:A New Traditional Isalamic Economy,Post-revolution Economic Reform,The 1979 Islamic Revolution,in Iran was the first overthrow of a modern secular leadership by a popular movement to establish a,fundamentalist Islamic system,Iran:A New Traditional Isalamic Economy,Five Phases:,The First Radical Phase(19791981):,Islamic socialist approach,The Second Radical Phase(19821984:more traditional Islamic innovations,First Pragmatic Phase(19851988),The Second Pragmatic Phase(1989 to 1997),The presidency of Mohammed Khatami(1997-2005),Iran:A New Traditional Isalamic Economy,Interest-free banking,Land reform,the establishment of,the Imam Reza Compassion Fund,the Oil Stabilization Fund(OSF),the Islamic Consultative Assembly,Iran:A New Traditional Isalamic Economy,To conclude:,Iran is the most prominent model in the world for revolutionary New Traditionalism,the attempted combination of a traditional fundamentalist religion with modern high technology in an economy independent of the patterns of either the old capitalist or socialist economies.,Mexico:Revolution and Reform,State-dominated Economy after Independence,The period from 1930 to 1970 witnessed the“Mexican Miracle,During the 1970s,the administrations tried to include social development in their policies,an effort that entailed more public spending.,In the early 1980s,the international panorama changed abruptly,Mexico:Revolution and Reform,Reforms in the 1980s and 1990s,Fiscal Discipline,Privatizing State Industry,Agricultural reform,Opening to Foreign Competition,Mexico:Revolution and Reform,Changes after the Peso Crisis,The austerity plan included an increase in the value-added tax,budget cuts,increases in electricity and gasoline prices to decrease demand and government subsidies,and tighter monetary policy.,Mexico:Revolution and Reform,To conclude:,Mexico is opening,marketizing,and privatizing an economy long characterized by a state-dominated,inward-looking policy designed to protect it from U.S.domination.,Study Questions,Study Questions,1.What are the benefits and dangers of the drive toward regional decentra
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