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,Klicken Sie,um das Format des Titel-Masters zu bearbeiten.,Klicken Sie,um die Textformatierung des Masters zu bearbeiten.,Zweite Ebene,Dritte Ebene,2006 DEHN+SHNE,International Standards,国际标准,Detailed provisions for the implementation of the requirements of the legislators are contained in a number of national and international standard listed as follows:,需求及执行的详细规定包含在下列国家和国际标准中,:,EN 60079-14;DIN VDE 0165 Teil 1 08/98:Installation of electrical equipmentin hazardous areas“;Issue 8/1998,危险区域电气设备安装,EN 60079-17;DIN VDE 0165 Teil 10;Issue 08/99:Electrical equipment for hazardous areas“;Part 17-Testing and maintenance,危险区域电气设备安装,第,17,部分,测试及维护,EN 60079-10;DIN VDE 0165 Teil 101;Issue 09/96:Electrical equipment for areas with gas hazard“;Part 10-Classification of hazardous areas,危险气体区域电气设备,第,10,部分,危险区域分级,EN 1127-1;Issue 08/97:Potentially explosive areas-explosion protection“;Part 1:Principles and methods,潜在的爆炸区域,爆炸防护,第,1,部分,:,原则及方法,What should we do in case of lightning and surge protection in hazardous areas?,危险区域雷击和电涌防护实施过程,Assess a risk,评估风险,risk management in acc.with IEC 62305-2,风险管理,create dokumentation on explosion protection,建立爆炸防护文档,Implementation of Lightning and Surge protection measures,配置雷击及电涌防护措施,What should we do in case of lightning and surge protection in hazardous areas?,危险区域雷击和电涌防护实施过程,Assess a risk,评估风险,Look for Sources of Ignitions“,寻找点火源,Sources of Ingnitions in acc.with EN 1127-1,点火源,根据,EN 1127-1,Oil refinery Pertamina,Cilacap/Java,1995:7 tanks burned out due to a lightning strike,1995,年爪哇岛其拉扎的印度国家石油公司炼油厂,:7,个油罐由于雷击焚毁,Floating Roof Tank;tank fire due to lightning,浮顶油罐,;,由于雷击罐体着火,Trzebinia Raffinerie,Poland,Date:06.05.2002,Capacity:10 000 m,Damage:4 Mio EUR,Date:06.05.2002,Capacity:10 000 m,Damage:4 Mio EUR,Floating Roof Tank;tank fire due to lightning,浮顶油罐,;,由于雷击罐体着火,Trzebinia Raffinerie,Poland,Date:06.05.2002,Capacity:10 000 m,Damage:4 Mio EUR,Floating Roof Tank;tank fire due to lightning,浮顶油罐,;,由于雷击罐体着火,Trzebinia Raffinerie,Poland,Floating Roof Tank;tank fire due to lightning,浮顶油罐,;,由于雷击罐体着火,Trzebinia Raffinerie,Poland,Avoid an Ignition in Case of Lightning in hazardous areas,危险区域防止雷击点火,Ex-Zone 0,Ex-Zone 1,2,Ex-Zone 1,2,Cutaway of FRT Shell,/,浮动屋顶概览,Roof Seal Interface,屋顶连接接口,罐体,不锈钢分流片,浮动屋顶顶部,How lightning causes tank fires,direct lightning strike,直接雷击时如何导致油罐着火,How lightning causes tank fires,nearby lightning strike,邻近雷击时如何导致油罐着火,Cutaway of FRT,/,浮顶油罐概览,Shunt above seals/,分流片位于连接点上端,Cutway of FRT/,浮顶油罐概览,Shunt above seals/,分流片位于连接点上部,Unfortunately,shunts do not provide a certain,low resistance bond to the tank shell for several reasons,including:,不幸的是,分流片无法提供某个确定的低阻主要包括以下几个原因,:,Heavy crude oil components,such as wax,tar,paraffin,etc.,tend to coat the inside of the tank wall,thus forming an insulative barrier between the shell and shunts.,原油成分,如蜡,沥青,石蜡等,可涂在罐体内壁形成隔离层,Corrosion(rust)on the inside of the shell will create a high resistance connection between the shell and shunts.,外壳内腐蚀,(,生锈,),在外壁和分流片间会产生高阻抗节点,.,About 10 to 25%of all FRTs are painted on the inside,typically with epoxy-based paint.Whether or not to paint inside of the tank is defined by the tank contents and corrosion.,约,10%,到,25%,的浮顶油罐内壁涂有环氧涂料,.,是否喷涂取决于罐内原料及防腐要求,.,Painted inner walls of tank shell,罐体内壁已涂防护层,Cutaway of FRT,/,浮顶油罐概览,Shunt above seals/,分流片,Figure 6:Shunts not making contact with out-of-round tank shell.,图,6:,分流片没有接触不圆的罐体,Walkway on FRT,浮动油罐上的走廊,Walkway on FRT,浮动油罐上的走廊,Rectractable grounding assembly(RGA),伸缩式接地线,Test impulse of shunt to simulated tank wall,模拟分流片对罐壁的冲击测试,There are five possible ways to electrically bond the roof and shell of an FRT.The five bonding methods compare to one another and to the ideal practice as follows:,有种可行的方法可做到浮顶油罐中屋顶和墙体的电气连接，以下为种连接方法的相互比较和理想的应用,Summary,总结,Summary,总结,Traditional Solution#1:Shunts,传统解决方案,#1:,分流片,Independent third-party testing,performed in cooperation with the API and the Energy Institute in England,has shown that arcing will occur at the shunt-shell interface under all conditions;it does not matter if the shunts are clean or dirty,new or old,neglected or well-maintained.It also doe snot matter if the inner shell walls are clean,rusty,painted or coated;arcing will occur in all situations.See Figure 9.,第三方测试表明,在任何情况下分流片对罐体都会产生电弧,.,不管分流片是脏还是干净,是新还是旧,维护是否良好,也不管灌体内壁是干净还是锈蚀,油漆抑或粉刷,.,见图,9.,Traditional Solution#1:Shunts,传统解决方案,#1:,分流片,Arcing can be expected between the shunts and inner tank wall under all conditions,whether or not the shunts are above the roof or submerged.If the shunts are above the roof,the location of the arcing is in the worst possible location:In a Class I Division I location which may have a high concentration of fuel-air vapor.,不管分流片在顶部还是底部,与罐体内壁之间任何情况下都有可能产生电弧,.,如果分流板位于顶端,产生电弧的位置是最差的,:,Class 1 Division 1,区，比较高浓度的油气混合区,Summary,总结,Summary,总结,Traditional Solution#2:Walkway,传统解决方案,#2:,走廊,Because of the uncertain connections between the walkway rollers and other connections,as described earlier,this type of bond is a high impedance connection.Therefore,la
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