资源描述
语法专项提升 专题五,高考总复习,英语,动词不定式,、,v,-ing,(,现在分词,/,动名词,),、过去分词总称为非谓语动词。其中动词的不定式有一般式,(to do),,不定式的进行式(,to be doing,),不定式的完成式,(,to have done,),和不定式的被动式(,to be done,);现在分词常常有一般式,(doing),,现在分词完成式,(,having done,),,现在分词的完成被动式,(having been done),。,学生见,P,225,不定式作状语,不定式作状语时相当于一个状语从句,不定式作状语时往往用来作目的状语、结果状语或原因状语。,1.,不定式用来作目的状语:作目的状语时,不定式的逻辑主语通常也是全句的主语,这里往往译作“为了,想要”。,To be a winner,,,you need to give all you have and try your best.,要想成为赢家,你要付出所有并竭尽全力。,2.,不定式用于,so.as to.,;,such.as to,;,enough to,;,too.to,;,only to,等结构中作结果状语。,Would you be,so kind as to,lend me your bicycle?,你能不能行行好,把你的自行车借给我?,He is,such a fool as to,think that his strange behaviour can inflect others.,他如此愚蠢以至于人们认为他奇怪的行为会影响他人也不足为怪。,He hurried to the booking office,only to,be told all the tickets had been sold out.,他匆忙去了售票处,结果被告知所有的票已经卖完了。,注意:“,only,to do”,表示出乎意料的结果,,tell,和主语,he,之间存在动宾关系,因而应用不定式的被动结构。而现在分词作结果状语则表示自然而然的结果。,His parents died,,,leaving him an orphan.,他的父母去世了,使他成为孤儿。,1.,过去分词作状语和现在分词作状语一样,修饰主句的谓语动词,意义上相当于状语从句,表示时间、原因、条件、伴随状况等。过去分词作状语常常含有被动或完成的意思。,(2011,四川卷,),Offered,an important role in a new movie,Andy has got a chance to become famous.,因为安迪在一部新电影被分得一个重要角色,他得到了一个成名的机会。,Reminded,not to miss the flight at 1520,,,the manager set out for the airport in a hurry.,被提醒不要错过,1520,的航班,经理匆忙出发去了机场。,过去分词作状语,2.,某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化,且往往用于一些系表结构中。此时这些过去分词既不表示被动,也不表示完成,而表示一种状态,这样的词有:,lost(,迷路的,),,,seated(,坐,),,,hidden(,躲,),,,lost/absorbed in(,沉溺于,),,,dressed in(,穿着,),,,tired of(,感到厌倦,),等,不管它们作什么成分都不用其,v,-,ing,形式。,Lost,in the mountains for a week,,,we were finally saved by the local police.,在大山里迷失了一个星期,我们最终被当地警察所救。,Absorbed in,his book,,,he didnt notice me enter the room.,专心读书的他没注意到我进入房间。,现在分词作状语,1.,动词的,ing,短语作状语表示在进行一动作的同时所进行的另一动作,它对谓语动词起修饰和陪衬的作用。动词的,ing,形式作状语可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、结果、方式或伴随情况。,Being,ill,,,he couldnt go to school.(,原因,),因为生病,他不能去上学。,My car was caught in a traffic jam,,,thus,causing,the delay.(,结果,),我的车遇上了交通阻塞,所以延误了。,As the light turned green,,,I stood for a moment,,,not moving,,,and asked myself what I was going to do.(,伴随,),当交通路灯变绿灯时,我站了一会儿,一动不动,自问要做什么事。,2.,现在分词有:一般式、被动式、完成式和完成被动式四种形式,每一种形式的否定式都是直接在前面加,not,构成。一般式,(doing),表示主动的一般性的动作或者正在进行的动作;被动式,(being done),表示正在进行的被动的动作;完成式,(having done),表示发生在谓语动作之前的主动的动作;完成被动式,(having being done),表示发生在主句谓语动作之前的被动的动作。,Not having received,a reply,,,he decided to write again.,没有得到答复,他决定再写信去。,The old man,,,having worked abroad,for twenty years,,,came back to his motherland.,在国外工作了二十年,这位老人回到了祖国。,(“work”,与句子的主语“,The old man”,之间存在主谓关系,而且“,work”,这一动作发生在谓语动作之前,),Having been scolded,many times,,,he determined to study hard to catch up with others.,被多次批评之后,他决定努力学习赶上他人。,3.,有一些固定结构,如:,generally speaking,,,taking everything into consideration,,,judging from/by,等,无论主语是什么都用这种形式作状语。,v,Taking everything into consideration,,,we can do this task smoothly.,当我们把一切因素都考虑清楚后,就能顺利进行此项任务。,Judging from,what he said,,,he must be an honest man.,从他说的话来判断,他一定是一个诚实的人。,4.,现在分词和过去分词作状语的区别:如果和主句的主语是意义上的主谓关系,一般用动词,ing,形式;如果是意义上的动宾关系,则一般用过去分词。,Seen from,the top of the hill,,,the park looks even more beautiful.,从山顶上看,这个公园显得更加美丽。,(see,与主语,the park,之间存在动宾关系,),Seeing from,the top of the hill,,,we find the park even more beautiful.,从山顶上看,我们发现这个公园显得更加美丽。,(see,与主语,we,之间存在主谓关系,),非谓语动词作定语,1.,现在分词,(,短语,),作定语与所修饰的名词之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系,表示该动作的主动和进行。,(2011,课标全国卷,)The next thing he saw was,smoke rising from,behind the house.,他看到的下一件事是浓烟正从屋后冒出来。,2.,过去分词,(,短语,),作定语与它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有被动关系,表示该动作的被动或完成。,(2011,湖南卷,),The players selected from,the whole country are expected to bring us honour in this summer game.,(我们)期待从全国选出的运动员在这次夏季运动会中给我们带来荣誉。,3.,动词不定式作定语多表示将来动作。,We are invited to,a party to be held,in our club next Friday.,我们被邀请参加下周五在我们俱乐部举行的聚会。,非谓语动词作宾补,1.,过去分词作宾语补足语时,该动词与宾语之间存在被动关系。现在分词作宾语补足语时,该动词与宾语之间存在被动关系。,Ill have my house,painted,tomorrow.,明天我会让人把我的房子粉刷一下。,(,被动,),When I opened the door,,,I found the fallen leaves,covering,the ground.,当我打开门时,我发现落叶覆盖着地面。(主动),2.,感官动词,see,,,watch,,,look at,observe,,,notice,hear,,,listen to,等及使役动词,have,后面的宾补有两种情况:,(,1,)当宾语与宾语补足语之间存在逻辑上的主动关系时,用动词原形(即不带,to,的不定式)或现在分词,doing;,不带,to,的不定式表示动作完成,现在分词,doing,表示动作正在进行。,(,2,)当宾语与宾语补足语之间存在逻辑上的被动关系时,用过去分词或,being done,;过去分词表示完成或没有一定的时间性,,being done,表示正在进行。,I heard her,sing,an English song just now.,刚才我听见她唱了一首英文歌。(主动,完成),I heard her,singing,an English song when I passed by her room yesterday.,昨天经过她房间时,我听见她在唱英文歌。(主动,正在进行),I want to have my hair,cut,.,我打算理发。(被动,没有一定的时间性),注意:不及物动词的过去分词作宾补,表示动作完成或状态。如:,I was surprised to find my hometown,changed,so much.,我吃惊地发现我的家乡变化如此之大。(过去分词,changed,表示动作完成),3.leave/keep+sb.+doing(,现在分词作宾补,)“,使,/,让某人一直做某事”,leave/keep+sth.+done(,过去分词作宾补,)“,使,/,让某事被,”,Im sorry to have,kept you waiting,.,很抱歉让你一直等。,Its wrong of you to,leave the water running,.,你让水一直流着是不对的。,The guests,left,most of the,dishes untouched,because they didnt taste delicious.,大部分的菜客人们都没有动,因为它们不可口。,4.have,,,get,后接三种形式作宾补时,其中,have,,,get,表示“使、让、叫”之意。,(1)have sth.done,get sth.done,使,/,让某事由别人去做,(,叫,/,让某人做某事,),Ill,have/get my bike repaired,tomorrow.,我明天得,(,请人,),修一下我的自行车。,(2011,陕西卷,)Claire,had her luggage checked,an hour before her plane left.,克莱尔在
展开阅读全文