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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,非谓语动词和分词独立结构,(,一,),不定式,不定式由“,to,十动词原形”构成,其否定形式是“,not to do”,不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语,没有人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化不定式可作主语、宾语、状语、表语和定语,但不能单独作谓语,不定式,l),作主语,不定式短语作主语时,往往放在谓语之后,用,it,作形式主语例如:,To see is to believe,It is right to give up smoking,作宾语,不定式短语作宾语时,如果还带有宾语补足语。往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后,而用,it,作形式宾语例如:,He wanted to go,I find it interesting to study work with him.,作宾语补足语,例如:,He asked me to do the work with him.,注意:在,feel,,,hear,,,listen to,,,look at,,,notice,observe,,,see,,,watch,,,have,,,let,,,make,等词后的补足语中,不定式不带,to,但是这些句子如果变成被动结构时,就必须带,to,例如,I often hear him sing the song,He is often heard to sing the song,作定语,例如:,I have some books for you to read,不定式的时态,l),不定式的一般形式所表示的动作,通常与谓语的动作,(,状态,),同时,(,或几乎同时,),发生,或是在它之后发生例如:,I saw him go out,2),如果谓语表示的动作,(,情况,),发生时,不定式表示的动作正在进行,这时不定式就要用进行式例如:,I am very glad to be working with you,3),如果不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前,就要用完成式例如,:Im sorry to have kept you waiting.,(,二,),动名词,1,动名词由动词十,ing,构成,;,具有动词和名词的性质,;,在句中起名词作用,可作主语、宾语、表语和定语,1),作主语例如,:Seeing is believing.It is no use arguing with him.,注意:动名词和不定式都可以作主语,动名词作主语表示一般或抽象的多次的行为,不定式作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作例如:,Playing with fire is dangerous,(,泛指玩火,)To play with fire will be dangerous,(,指一具体动作,),2),作表语例如:,Her job is teaching.3),作宾语例如:,He is fond of playing football,I like swimming.,2,动名词的复合结构,动名词的复合结构由物主代词或人称代词宾格,名词所有格或普通格加动名词构成在句子开头必须用名词所有格或物主代词例如,:His coming made me very happy,Marys crying annoyed him.She didnt mind his crying,Is there any hope fo Xiao Wangs winning,动名词的时态,动名词的时态分一般式和完成式两种,如果动名词的动作没有明确地表示出时间是与谓语动词同时发生或在谓语动作以前发生,用动名词的一般式例如,:We are interested in playing chess.His coming will be of great help to us,如果动名词的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前,通常用动名词的完成时态。例如,:Im sorry for not having kept my promise.,2.,分词的用法,l),作定语 分词短语做定语时,放在被修饰的名词之后;单个分词做定语时,放在被修饰的名词之前例如,:The man standing by the window is our teacher.The excited people rushed into the building,2),作状语,分词或分词短语作状语时,可以表示时间、原因、行为方式、伴随状况等。例如:,Being a student,I must study hard.(,原因,)While reading the book,he nodded from time to time,(,时间,)The teacher stood there surrounded by the students,(,方式,),注:分词短语作状语时,其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致,独立主格结构,(一):独立主格结构的构成:名词,(,代词,)+,现在分词、过去分词;名词,(,代词,)+,形容词;名词,(,代词,)+,副词;名词,(,代词,)+,不定式;名词,(,代词,)+,介词短语构成。,二)独立主格结构的特点:,1,)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。,2,)名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定式,介词等是主谓关系。,3,)独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。,一、独立主格结构的构成,1.,名词,(,代词,)+,现在分词,Thestormhavingdestroyedtheirhut,theyhadto,liveinacave.Nightfalling,wehurriedhome.,.,名词,(,代词,)+,过去分词,Helayonhisback,hishandscrossedunderhis,head.Thisdone,wewenthome.,3.,名词,(,代词,)+,形容词,Shecameintotheroom,herearsredwithcold.Thefloorwetandslippery,wehadtostayoutside.,4.,名词,(,代词,)+,副词,Themeetingover,weallwenthome.,5.,名词,(,代词,)+,不定式,Herearethefirsttwovolumes,thethirdonetocomeoutnextmonth.,注意:不定式表示将来的动作,6.,名词,(,代词,)+,介词短语,Hewalkedoutofthecamp,rifleinhand(=witharifleinhishand.)Shecameoutofthelibrary,alargebookunderherarm.,时间状语,Thetestfinished,webeganourholiday.,(,=Whenthetestwasfinished,webeganourholiday.,)条件状语,Weatherpermitting,theywillgoonanoutingtothebeachtomorrow.(=Ifweatherpermits,theywillgoonanoutingtothebeachtomorrow.),原因状语,Thestormdrawingnear,theworkerdecidedtostopworking.(=Sincethestormwasdrawingnear,theworkerdecidedtostopworking.),伴随状语,(=Hesatinthefrontrowandhismouthwashalfopen.),伴随状语,(=Hesatinthefrontrowandhismouth,washalfopen.),表伴随时,既可用分词的独立结构,也可用,with,的复合结构。,with+,名词,(,代词,)+,现在分词,/,过去分词,/,形容词,/,副词,/,不定式,/,介词短语 举例,:hestoodthere,hishandraised.,=hestoodthere,withhishandraise.,当独立主格中的分词所表示的动作先于句中谓语动词所表示的动作时,用分词的完成形式。例,1thespeech_,alivelydiscussionstarted,a,),beingdeliveredb,),wasdelivered,c,),bedeliveredd.havingbeendelivered,当独立主格结构中的名词或主格代词是分词表示的动作的承受者时,用分词的被动形式。例,2 allflights_becauseofthesnow-storm,,,manypassengerscoulddonothingbuttakethetrain,a,),werecanceled,b,),havingbeencanceledc,),hadbeencanceled,d,),havebeencanceled,
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