噬血细胞综合征课件

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,噬血细胞综合征,(hemophagocytic syndrome,HPS),噬血细胞综合征噬血细胞综合征,(hemophagocytic syndrome,HPS),患者缘于6月中旬无明显诱因出现发热,体温最高39.0度,咳嗽,当地医院给予输注,“阿奇霉素、头孢曲松”4天,体温逐渐下降,至正常,8月8日再次出现发热,干咳,体温,最高39.5度,就诊于当地医院查血常规:WBC,3.54109/L,Hb不详,PLT77109/L。,断为上呼吸道感染,给予“左氧氟沙星、头,孢类抗生素、热毒宁”等抗感染,行胸部CT,检査未见明显异常,PPD阴性,16日体温下降,至正常后出院,17日再次发热,体温最高40.4度,8月18,目就诊于当地另一家医院,查乳酸脱氢酶,275IU/L,CRP37.8mgL,肥达、外斐氏、冷,凝集试验阴性,自身抗体阴性,结核抗体阳,性,胸部CT未见异常,腹部超声未见明显异,常,给予左氧氟沙星、去甲万古霉素抗感染,患者仍有高热,8月23日调整抗生素为美罗培,南十去甲万古霉素后体温下降至38度以下,反复查血象全血细胞减少,骨髓未见特殊。9,月2日体温进行性升高,9月5日体温再次升至,最高39.5度,患者9月6日出院。,Introduction,In the 21st century，the crucial reformation of education is the transform from teaching to cultivating students innovation ability and comprehensive quality，and establishing the idea that the students are the main body in teaching activities and teachers are the guide.Constructivism，as the latest theory in educational psychology，is referential for college English teaching in China.,Constructivism theory originated from famous Swiss psychologist Jean Piagets“genetic epistemology”.This theory reveals cognitive laws in the process of learning.On the basis of the theory of Piaget，many experts developed constructivism from many different angles.At the end of the 1950s and early 1960，American famous psychologist J.S.Bruner put forward the“learner-centered”theory，then he encouraged“discovery（1970）”，the knowledge isnt instilled to students by teachers.Its discovered and constructed by students through teachers guidance，instead.,1.The constructivist teaching approaches.,1.1 Main contents,Constructivist learning theory emphasizes“learner-centred”.It requires students who were the passive recipents of the external stimulation to be the active constructors of the knowledge.It also requires teachers who were initiators to be the helpers.That means teachers should use new models and approaches in teaching process.Therefore，constructivism theory is the basis of the“learner-centred”pedagogics.,Learning isnt the simple transmission from the teachers to the students.Learners must build their own knowledge，it cant be given to them，and that new knowledge builds on current knowledge.Learning is a search for meaning.Therefore，learning must start with the issue around which students are actively trying to construct meaning.,The purpose of learning is for an individual to construct his or her own meaning，not just memorize the“right”answers and regurgitate someone elses meaning.The only valuable way to measure learning is to make the assessment part of the learning process，ensuring it provides students with information on the quality of their learning.,1.2 Learning environment,（1）Context The context in learning environment must help the learners construct the contents theyve learnt.,（2）Interaction It should be throughout the learning process.（3）Communication It is the essential means for each learner to promote the process of learning.,（4）construction of meaning Its the final goal of teaching process.Helping students construct meaning is helping them understanding deeply the internal relationships of what they learned.,1.3 Several teaching models,（1）Contextual teaching The constructivism emphasizes that knowledge is reconstructed in different contexts.Learning is the process of constructing the knowledge actively.The teachers can set different contexts according to different teaching contents.Contextual teaching can not only stimulate the interest of learners，but also can make learners learn actively.,（2）Cooperative learning Cooperative learning is to make the students learn in team.In the teaching process，cooperation aims at accomplishing the meaning construction of what the learners have learnt and mobilizing every learners enthusiasm.,（3）interactive teaching Teachers design effective questions，then learners discuss in teams，and teachers give them some guidance.After they answer the questions，teachers give the effective feedback.,2.The teaching methods on English writing under the guidance of constructivism,2.1 Arousing the students interests,The teaching on English writing under the guidance of constructivism emphasizes meaningful construction，the process of writing，the group writing task and the interaction between teachers and students.,In the writing class，teachers should use novel introduction to attract the students attention and make the students receive the knowledge actively.Teachers should lead students to explore and use the various resources which is beneficial to themselves.In choosing study materials，teachers can guide students to collect extracurricular materials，read English novels，listen to English songs，through which they can be familiar with the usage of different words.Teachers can also create real scenes，then students act different roles.From the plays，students will have interests in writing.,2.2 The process of teaching,According to certain teaching contents and the features of the students experiential foundation，teachers should design the