lesson21动名词和现在分词

*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,动名词和现在分词的区别,动名词和现在分词都是由ving构成，在句中都能作表语和定语，而且都保留着动词的一些特征，有其完成式和被动态。那么ving形式到底是现在分词还是动名词呢？下面有五种区别方法：,（1）如果ving形式与被修饰名词逻辑上是主谓关系，就是现在分词，它相当于定语从句表动作或状态；如果逻辑上没有主谓关系，则是动名词，它可以用介词for加上这个动名词来代替，该介词短语应放在被修饰名词之后，表目的或用途,a moving blackboard-moving：,现在分词，a moving blackboard=a blackboard which is moving,a walking tractor手扶拖拉机,（walking：现在分词，awalking tractor=a tractor which is walking）,a sleeping car=a car for sleeping,A visiting card=a card for visiting,（2）如果ving形式是说明主语怎么样，表示的是主语的形状、特征的是现在分词，现在分词起着形容词和副词的作用，在句中作宾补和状语，一般用how提问，后不带宾语，但可用very，so，quite等词修饰，也可用more和most分别构成比较级和最高级。如果ving形式是说明主语是什么，即主语的具体内容，强调主语的行为、功能和用途的则为动名词。动名词起着名词的作用，在句中作主语和宾语，一般用what提问，也可用状语来修饰，但不能用程度副词very，much等修饰。例如：,1）The news is very exciting（exciting：现在分词）,2）Laying eggs is her fulltime job（laying：动名词）,（3）动名词作表语，和主语间可以划等号，甚至可以交换位置。如上述例句2）可改写成：Her fulltime job is layingeggs而现在分词充当表语，不能同主语划等号，因此不能同主语换位置。例句1）不能改写成：Exciting is the news,（4）ving前有冠词、物主代词、名词所有格或指示代词的是动名词，构成动名词复合结构；用来构成复合形容词的ving形式和独立主格结构中所用的ving形式的是现在分词。例如：,1）His coming was unexpected（coming：动名词）,2）The Chinese are brave and hardworking（working：现在分词）,4.attention,A.这里的物主代词（its,their,our等）或名词所有格，仅仅是表示动名词逻辑主语的一种形式，绝不表示所属。应该把它们分别译成人称代词(it,they/them,we/us 等）或名词普通格,I want to avoid his/Johns thinking that I dont want to help,I dont mind the girls/their changing their minds.,B.在动名词的逻辑主语为名词普通格时，应把动名词符合结构与现在分词短语作其前面名词的后置定语区别开来，而这只能根据句子的概念是否符合逻辑来判断。,A circuit can be broken by a switch being opened,电路可以通过打开开关来断开（动名词作by 的宾语、如果是后置定语作分词应译为电路可有正在被打开的开关来断开 不符合逻辑）,The energy absorbed by a circuit can be represented by the current flowing in the circuit,电路消耗的能量可用在该电路中流动的电流来表示（明显是现在分词作后置定语因为如果看成是动名词复合结构，则该句就该译成“电路所消耗的能量可以通过电流在该电路中流动来表示”显然是不符合逻辑的）,动名词作表语与现在分词构成进行时的区别,主要是看这个句子的主语能否发出ing v这个动作，能则未进行时，不能则为动名词作表语,Eg:the use of an electric motor is changing electric energy into mechanical energy,This electric motor is changing electric energy into mechanical energy,Ing分词的时态与语态,语态,时态,Active voice,Passive voice,一般时,Doing,Being done,完成时,Having done,Having been done,入高中高考英语群：4980299，享优质教辅资料！,一般式分词所表示时间与主要动词之时间一致或表将来,He insists on his being right=he insists that he is right,I am sure of his coming=I am sure that he will come,Seeing the policeman,he ran away=when he saw the policeman,he ran away,完成时分词，用以表现动名词的时间比主句的时间更早,She is ashamed of having done that=she is ashamed that she has done that,完成时分词，用以表现动名词的时间比主句的时间更早,She is ashamed of having done that=she is ashamed that she has done that,他否认对我们的计划有所知悉,He denied having known anything of our plan=He denied that he had known anything of our plan,我记得曾听过这个故事,I rememeber having been told the story,完成工作后，我就回家了,Having finished my work,I went home.,动名词的惯用语,Go on+ving/go on with+n:继续做,Go on to+v:接着做（不同的事）,他连续说了两个小时,He went on talking for two hours,写完字后，他接着读书,After writing,he went on to read,继续做你的工作,Go on with your work,2.allow,permit后如果再接动词，则该动词改为ving如宾语为人时，则接to v,他们不许（我们）在此抽烟,They dont allow/permit(our)smoking here,They dont alow/permit us to smoke here,3.There is no+ving=it is impossible to do (是不可能的）,不知道以后会发生什么事,There is no knowing what will happen,It is impossible to know what will happen,Attention:ving 后面为名词从句时，注意其主句，动词的位置,There is no telling where he will go/there is no telling where will he go,4.It is no use+ving=it is of no use to do(是没有用的）,覆水难收,It is no use crying over spilt milk,It is of no use to cry over spilt milk,attention:此句型的it 可以改为there,如：,It is no use worrying=there is no use worrying,Of no use=useless,5.on+ving,S+ved=as soon as+ved,s+ved (一就）,她一听到这消息，就写信给他,On hearing the news,she wrote to him,As soon as she heard the news,she wrote to him,Attention：ving前加on时，作一就解=as soon as,Eg:on crossing the road,I slipped,in crossing the road,I slipped,6.Feel like doing,你想去散步吗,Do you feel like taking a walk,Attention:(想要）would like to+v/like.want to+v,7.Be busy(in)+ving (忙于）,他忙于家庭作业,He is busy doing his homework,Busy。With 为。而忙,他现在正忙于一些重要的工作,He is now busy with some important work,入高中高考英语群：4980299，享优质教辅资料！,8.Be worth doing,worth 是具有介词性质的形容词，后面必须有宾语。,Worth 后接主动动名词时，含有被动含义,Be worth+n/ving be well worth/be more worth,of worth:be of little/no worth books of real worth/nothing of worth.paintings of exceptional worth,Be worthy+,of+,n,or,being+p.p,/,to be+p.p,It is worth(ones)while+,to+v,/,ving,It pays to v,Be worth doing,在大学受到 教育对你今后会大有帮助,A college education will be of great worth to you later,知识是值得追求的,Knowledge is worth working for,他的建议值得我们考虑,His suggestion is worth our consideration,One dollars worth 名词用 意味价值,这本小说值得一读,The novel is worthy of being read again and again,The novel is worth reading again and again,The novel is worthy reading again and again,那位英雄的勇气是值得赞扬的,The heros courage was worthy of high praise,The heros courage was worthy of being praised highly,The heros courage was worthy to be praised highly,Worth while 值得 可单独作表语 it is worth while 句型中，后可接动名词或不定式,买下那本书是值得的,Buying the book is worth while,It is not worth while our doing,作出这项决定是正确的,It is worth while to make/making the decision,making the decision is worth while,Worthwhile adj 有价