英汉语言文化对比及翻译方法技巧

,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,英汉语言文化对比及翻译方法和技巧,第 二 讲,英汉语言的对比,1. 综合语和分析语,英语属于综合语，而综合语的特征是运用形态变化（即词的形式变化）来表达语法关系的。,汉语属于分析语，分析语的特征是不用形态变化而用词序及虚词来表达语法关系。,1. 综合语和分析语,He moved astonishingly fast.,He moved with astonishing rapidity.,His movements were astonishingly rapid.,His movements astonished us by their rapidity.,His rapid movements astonished us.,The rapidity with which he moved astonished us.,The rapidity of his movements was astonishing.,He astonished us by moving rapidly.,He astonished us by his rapid movements.,He astonished us by the rapidity of his movements.,1. 综合语和分析语,他行进的速度快得令人惊讶。,他行进速度之快，令人惊讶。,他的快速行进使我们感到惊讶。,我们对他的快速行进感到惊讶。,1. 综合语和分析语,我给了他一本书。,I gave him a book.,他已给我两本书。,He has given me two books.,他爸爸常常给他一些书。,His father often gives him books.,2. 英汉词汇对比,词汇的语义对比,完全对应,部分对应,缺乏对应,2. 英汉词汇对比,词汇的语法对比,汉语,：,实词：名词，动词，形容词，副词，,代词，数词，量词,虚词：连词、介词、助词、叹词,英语,：,实词：名词，动词，形容词，副词，,代词，数词,虚词：连词、介词、冠词、叹词,3. 英汉句法对比,形合和意合 (hypotaxis & parataxis),所谓,形合,，指的是句中的词语或分句之间用语言形式手段（如关联词）连接起来，表达语法意义和逻辑关系。英语造句主要采用形合法。,所谓,意合,，指的是词语或分句之间不用语言形式手段连接，句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的含义表达。汉语造句主要采用意合法。,3. 英汉句法对比,英语造句注重显性接应，注重句子形式，注意结构完整，注重以形显意。常用的连接手段和形式主要有：,关系词,连接词,介词,词的各种形态变化,3. 英汉句法对比,It was found,that,a country benefits more,by,producing goods,that,it can make most cheaply,and,buying those goods,that,other countries can make,at,lower costs,than,by,producing everything it needs,within,its own border.,人们发现，一个国家只生产成本耗费最低的产品，而从其他国家购买它们用较低成本生产的产品，这比在国内生产自己所需要的一切产品要划算得多。,关系词：that,连接词：that, and, than,介词：by, at , within,词的形态变化：found, benefits, producing, buying等,3. 英汉句法对比,汉语造句注重 句子中各成分的逻辑事理顺序，注重功能、意义，注重 以神统形。句中各意群、成分通过内在的联系贯穿起来，语义隐含句间。,3. 英汉句法对比,聚集和流散,(compactness & diffusiveness),英语,句子的基本结构形式是主语-谓语，其“主谓结构”是句子的主干，其他成分则通过各种连带附加关系附着在这条主干上，犹如树枝与树干的关系。语法结构严谨、主次分明、层次清晰，句式呈“聚集型”。,汉语,句子的基本结构形式是话题-说明。造句侧重点是语义上的连贯，用语义关系控制句子的结构。因此，汉语句子的内部成分常常一一罗列，呈现并排式结构，外形上无主从之分，层面之间没有明显逻辑标记，呈“流散型”。,3. 英汉句法对比,Now the integrated circuit has reduced by many times the size of the computer of which it forms a part, thus creating a new generation of portable minicomputers.,现在集成电路成了计算机的组成部分，使计算机的体积大大缩小，从而产生了新一代的袖珍式微型计算机。,3. 英汉句法对比,The kaleidoscope of shifting interests of the nations during the negotiation made it impossible to sort out the “winners” and “losers”.,谈判期间，各国的利益变化不定，好象万花筒似的，这就使人难以分辨出究竟谁是“赢家”，谁是“输家”。,3. 英汉句法对比,英汉语序的对比,英语,从思维习惯上看，英语句子一般先总提后分述，即先有判断和结论，后提供事实和具体描述；先陈述结果后追叙具体经过。,汉语,造句突出动词，往往按时间顺序和逻辑顺序来排列句子的结构成分，一般说来，按照由先到后、由因到果、由假设到推论、由事实到结论这样的顺序排列。,3. 英汉句法对比,We had been dismayed at home while reading of the natural calamities that followed one another for three years after we left China in 1959.,我们于1959年离开中国。此后，中国连续三年遭受到自然灾害。当我们在国内读到这方面的消息时，心情颇为低沉。,3. 英汉句法对比,I was all the more delighted when, as a result of the initiative of your government, it proved possible to reinstate the visit so quickly.,由于贵国政府的提议，才得以这样快地重新进行这次访问，这使我感到特别高兴。,翻译方法和策略,一些翻译术语,直译和意译,(literal translation & free translation),异化和归化,(foreignization & domestication),直译与意译,直译（literal translation）即直接翻译，是既保持原文内容、又保持原文形式的翻译方法。直译可以完全保持原作的风格和特色。但直译必须具有可读性 ,也就是说 ,译品不会引起读者的误解 ,并且也不违反目标语言的规范。,意译（free translation）也称为自由翻译 ,它是只保持原文内容、不保持原文形式的翻译方法。意译注重意义的准确传达，如果必要，可以不顾及原文的结构成分和意义的某些隐含成分。,天网恢恢，疏而不漏。,关于增税的谈论激怒了许多选 民。,当然喽？（还用说吗？）,Justice has long arms.,The talk about raising taxes was a red flag to many voters.,Will a duck swim?,归化与异化,“Either the translator leaves the writer alone as much as possible and moves the reader toward the writer, or he leaves the reader alone as much as possible and moves the writer toward the reader.”,异化法,foreignization,归化法,domestication,飘译本中人名的异化与归化,傅东华译本：,Red Butler 白瑞德,Scarletto Hara 赫思佳,Ashley Wilkes 卫希礼,Melanie Hamilton 韩媚兰,飘译本中人名的异化与归化,黄怀仁、朱枚若译本：,Red Butler 雷特巴特勒,Scarletto Hara 斯卡利特奥哈拉,Ashley Wilkes 阿什礼威尔克斯,Melanie Hamilton,梅拉尼汉密尔顿,All roads lead to Rome.,异化：条条大路通罗马。,归化：殊途同归。,“My dear Mr. Bennet,” replied his wife, “”.,异化：“亲爱的贝内特先生，”太太答到 ,归化：“我说老头子，”老太婆回答到 ,To shed crocodiles tears.,异化：掉鳄鱼眼泪。,归化：猫哭老鼠,A new broom sweeps clean.,异化: 新扫帚扫得干净。,归化,:,新官上任三把火。,Nothing venture, nothing have.,异化：不冒险，无所得。,归化：不入虎穴，焉得虎子。,like a rat in a hole,异化：象洞中的老鼠。,归化：瓮中之鳖。,They have, by this very act, opened Pandoras box.,异化：他们这样做，无异于打开 了潘多拉盒子。,归化：他们的这种做法种下了祸根。,They have made this appeal to the Council as a red herring to cover their culpable tracks.,异化：他们向安理会提出这一控诉是以此为红鲱鱼来掩饰其罪行。,归化：他们向安理会提出这一控诉是为了混淆视听，掩饰罪行。,那个出租车司机黑着呢，他经常宰顾客。,归化：This taxi driver is an old screw. He often overcharges.,异化: This taxi driver has a black heart. He often kills his customers.,英汉互译常用技巧,选词法,增词减词法,词类转换法,引申法,