英语语法专题名词和冠词课件

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Revision of,the Sentence Structures,句法结构复习,高三,英语第一轮复习,简单句的五种基本句型,句型种类,主语,谓语部分,谓语动词,表语,宾语,补语,S+Vi,(,主,+,谓,),Pat,arrived.,S+Vt+O,(,主,+,谓,+,宾,),She,plays,the piano.,S+Link.V+C,(,主,+,系,+,表,),They,are,(,系动词,),heroes.,S+Vt+InO+DO,(,主,+,谓,+,双宾,),I,offered,him 5 dollars.,(,人间物直,),S+Vt+O+Oc,(,主,+,谓,+,复合宾语,),Ann,made,me,cry.,句子成分详解,句子成分,意义,充当词类,例句,主语,表示句子说的是什么人或什么,事,名，代，数，不定,式，动名词，短语或,句子,We study in,HuangQiao,Middle,School.,谓语,说明主语做什么，是什么或怎,么样,动词或动词词组,She is dancing under the tree.,宾语,表示动作行为的对象,同主语,Both of us like English.,表语,与联系动词连用，一起构成谓,语，说明主语的性质或特征,同主语,Her father is a chemist.,His words sound reasonable.,定语,用来修饰名词或代词,形，代，数，名,副，介词短语或句子,We have eight lessons every day.,状语,修饰动词，形容词，副词，表,示动作发生的时间，地点，原,因，目的，方式，结果等,副词，介词短语或句,子,He works very hard.,They held a party in Hollywood.,宾语,补足语,逻辑上与宾语是主谓关系,形容词，名词，介词,短语等,She always keeps the house,clean.,主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！,句子的分类,分类,说明,例句,简,单,句,由一个主语或并列主,语和一个谓语或并列,谓语构成的句子。即,一套主谓关系。,1. Tom and I found her there.,2. We all breathe, eat and work.,并,列,句,由并列连词,（,and,so,but, or,等）,把两个或两个以上的,简单句连在一起而构,成的句子。,1. He likes eggs, but he doesnt like chickens.,2. Work hard or you will fall behind.,复,合,句,由一个主句和一个或,一个以上的从句构成,的句子,1. I believe you are right.,2. If you study harder, you will pass the exam.,复合句的种类,1. _ makes this shop different is that it,offers more personal services.,（,06,辽宁）,A. What B. Who C. Whatever D. Whoever,2. See the flags on top of the building? That,was _ we did this morning.,（,06,全国,I,）,A. when B. which C. where D. what,复合句的种类,3. Please remind me _ he said he,was going. I may be in time to see,him off.,（,06,全国,I,）,A. where B. when C. how D. what,4. Engines are to machines _ hearts,are to animals.,（,06,山东 ）,A. as B. that C. what D. which,复合句的种类,5. He spoke proudly of his part in the game,without mentioning _ his,teammates,had done.,（,06,上海 ）,A. what B. which C. why D. while,6. - Its thirty years since we last met.,- But I still remember the story, believe it,or not,_we got lost on a rainy night.,A. which B. that C. what D. when,复合句的种类,7.,Nobody believed his reason for being,absent form the class _ he had to meet,his uncle at the airport.,（,06,重庆 ）,A. why B. that C. where D. because,8.,The other day, my brother drove his car,down the street at _ I thought was a,dangerous speed. A. as B. whichC. what D. that,复合句的种类,9.,_ leaves the room last ought to,turn off the lights. ( 88 ) A. Anyone B. The person C. Whoever D. Who,10.,Carol said the work would be done,by October, _ personally I doubt,very much.,A. it B. that C. when D. which,高中英语语法复习专题之,02,名词和冠词,海丰县梅陇中学 许玮俊,专有名词,（,Proper Nouns,）,和,普通名词,(Common Nouns,）,专有名词,是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，,如,Beijing,，,China,等。,普通名词,是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，,如：,book,，,sadness,等。,名词,的分类,1,）,个体名词,（,Individual Nouns,）：表示某类人或东西中的,个体，如：,apple,。,2,）,集体名词,（,Collective Nouns,）：表示若干个个体组成的,集合体，如：,family,。,3,）,物质名词,（,Material Nouns,）：表示无法分为个体的实,物，如：,milk,。,4,）,抽象名词,（,Abstract Nouns,）：表示动作、状态、品质、,感情等抽象概念，如：,work,。,普通名词,又分为四类,个体名词,和,集体名词,可以用数目来计算，称为,可数名词,（,Countable Nouns,）,物质名词,和,抽象名词,一般无法用数目计算，称为,不可数名词,（,Uncountable Nouns,）,所以一般情况下我们所说的,名词复数,指的就是,可数名词的复数,问题,归纳表格如下,|,|,专有名词,|,|,|,名,|,|,个体名词,|,|,|,|,|,|,可数名词,|,|,|,|,集体名词,|,|,|,|,普通名词,|,|,|,|,词,|,|,物质名词,|,|,|,|,|,|,不可数名词,|,|,|,|,抽象名词,|,|,一般情况,加,-s,1.,清辅音后读,/s/,map-map,s,book-book,s,2.,浊辅音和元音后读,/z/,bag-bag,s,car-car,s,名词复数的,规则变化,(1),以,s,sh,ch,x,等结尾的词,加,-,es,读,/,iz,/,bus-bus,es,watch-watch,es,bridge- bridge,s,以,ce,se,ze,(d)ge,等结尾的词,加,-s,读,/,iz,/,exercise-exercise,s,名词复数的,规则变化,(2),以,y,结尾的专有名词,，或,元音字母,+y,结尾的名词变复数时，直接加,-s,变复数：,two,Mary,s,the Henry,s,monkey-monkey,s,holiday-holiday,s,以,辅音字母,+y,变,y,为,i,结尾的词,再加,es,读,/z/,baby-bab,ies,名词复数的,规则变化,(3),以,f,或,fe,结尾的名词变复数时：,a.,加,-s,roof-roof,s,b.,去,f,fe,加,-,ves,half-hal,ves,knife-kni,ves,leaf-lea,ves,wolf-wol,ves,life-li,ves,thief-thie,ves,c.,均可,handkerchief - handkerchief,s,/,handkerchie,ves,名词复数的,规则变化,(4),一个首领,(,chief,),带着一个农奴,(,serf,),在海湾,(,gulf,),的悬崖,(,cliff),上发现一个屋顶,(,roof,),上面有个保险箱,(,safe,),。,一个贼人,(,thief,),的妻子,(,wife,),冒着生命,(,life,),危险用半,(,half,),片树叶,(,leaf,),似的小刀,(,knife,),杀死了一只狼,(,wolf,),。,a tomato,some tomato,es,some potato,es,some hero,es,Hero,es,love,tomato,es,and,potato,es,.,名词复数的,规则变化,(5),foot -,feet,child -,children,tooth -,teeth,mouse -,mice,名词复数的不规则变化,(1),名词复数的不规则变化,(2),man - m,e,n,woman - wom,e,n,m,e,n doctor,s,wom,e,n teacher,s,a German,some German,s,American -American,s,Australian-Australian,s,Canadian-Canadian,s,some policem,e,n,a policeman,Englishman Englishm,e,n Frenchman - Frenchm,e,n,一些需要强调的表示人的名词复数,one sheep,two,sheep,a Chinese,two,Chinese,a Japanese,several,Japanese,名词复数的不规则变化,(3):,单复数形式相同,one fish,一条鱼,fish,es,不同种类的鱼各种各样的鱼,three,fish,三条鱼,some fish,一些鱼肉,可数名词,不可数名词,名词复数的不规则变化,(4):,好玩的,“,fish,”,有些名词的复数形式表示特别的意义。,papers,(,报纸，稿件,),works,(,工厂，作品,),times,(,时代,),drinks,(,饮料,),manners,(,礼貌,),部分物质名词可以用复数表示种类。,silks fruits foods,word,用做“消息”“通知”不与冠词连用，也不用复数。,Word came that the meeting would be held on Friday. keep ones word,have a word/a few words with,sb,.,have words with,sb,. leave word,in a word in other words,备注：,有些名词只有复数形式。例如。,goods,(,货物,) glasses(,眼镜,),compasses,(,圆规,),thanks,(,感谢,),clothes,(,衣服,),remains,(,遗物，遗体,),trousers,(,裤子,),守信,与某人说句话,与,某人吵嘴,留言,简而言之,换句话说,必须注意的若干名词方面的问题,(1),a.,有些词既可数又不可数但意思不同,:,paper,报纸,/,试卷,/,文件,/,讲义,纸张,time,次数,/,倍数,时间,glass,玻璃杯,玻璃,room,房间,空间,fish,鱼,鱼肉,b.,有些词虽以,-s,结尾但却是单数,:,news ,math(s,) , physics , politics, .,c.,有些词始终是复数形式,:,people(,人们,), clothes, trousers, glasses(,眼镜,) ,works(,著作,), goods(,货物,), times(,时代,).,有些词通常都是复数形式,:,shoes, gloves, ,d. people,有两种意思,:,人,/,人们,;,民族,There are 56,people,s,in China.,民族,(,加,-s,构成复数,),There are 56,people,in the room.,人,(,们,)(,本身就是复数,),e.,这些是最常见的不可数名词,一般都没有复数形式,news, information, weather, work(,工作,),bread, knowledge, advice, fun,但是可以加上一些表示单位的名词来够成短语,:,a _ of paper / bread / meat / work / advice,a _ of tea / coffee,a _of water / milk,a _ of glasses / trousers / gloves,必须注意的若干名词方面的问题,(2),piece,cup,glass/bottle,pair,a.“,数词,+,名词”构成的合成词作定语时该名词用单数形式,a two-month holiday,an 8-year-old boy,试比较,the boys 400,-,metre race,the boys 400,metre,s,必须注意的特殊用法,b.,关于几个表示数量的单位词,hundred,s,/ thousand,s,/ million,s,of,people (,表示约数时,),9,hundred / thousand / million people (,表示准确数量时,),名词的格,在英语中有些名词可以加,s,来表示所有或所属关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：,a teachers book,。名词所有格的规则如下：,（修饰有生命的名词用,s,，无生命的一般用,of,结构,）,1,） 单数名词词尾加,s,，复数名词词尾没有,s,，也要加,s,，如,the boys bag,男孩的书包，,mens room,男厕所。,专有名词,s,结尾（一般应加,s,）,Charless job,2,） 若名词已有复数词尾,-s,，只加,s,，如：,the workers struggle,工人的斗争。,3,） 凡不能加,“,s”,的名词，都可以用,“,名词,+of +,名词,”,的结构来表示所有关系，如：,the title of the song,歌的名字。,4,） 在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如：,the barbers,理发店。,5,） 如果两个名词并列，并且分别有,s,，则表示,“,分别有,”,；只有一个,s,，则表示,共有,。 如：,Johns and Marys room,（两间）,John and Marys room,（一间）,6,） 复合名词或短语，,s,加在最后一个词的词尾。 如：,a month or twos absence,双重所有格,在英语中，,-s,所有格与,of,所有格放在一起使用所构成的结构叫双重所有格。例如：,Some photos of my parents,will be put away.,An old friend of hers wrote a letter to her last week.,A lot of clothes of my aunts were bought in Shanghai.,双重所有格的用法,（,1,）,of,前面的名词之前通常有一个限定词，如,a/an, any, some, no, few, several, two,等。例如：,some books of Lu,Xun,s,鲁迅的一些作品,a few friends of mine,我的一些朋友,several toys of the child s,这个孩子的几件玩具,（,2,）,of,前面的名词通常可以用指示代词,this, that,来强调某种感情色彩。如,This ball of,Hu,Pings is not expensive.,胡平的这个球不贵。,Im not pleased with that answer of hers.,我对她的答案感到不满意。,（,3,）,of,后带,-s,的名词通常是表示具体的人的名词，或是名词,性,物主代词。例如：,That s the spirit of the workers.,This is a daughter of theirs.,3,）,of,所有格与双重所有格结构的区别,（,1,）,侧重点不同。试区别：,She is a sister of my fathers. (,侧重说明父亲的妹妹不止一个,),She is a sister of my father. (,侧重说明,“,她,”,是父亲的惟一一个妹妹,),（,2,）当,of,前的名词是,picture,等词时，含义不同。试区别：,It is a picture of my mothers.,这是我妈妈收藏的一幅画。,It is a picture of my mother.,这是我妈妈的一张照片。,名词的句法功能,:,名词在句中可以做,主语，表语，宾语，宾语补足语，定语，状语，同位语和呼语,等如：,Yesterday a,boy,came to see you. (,主语,),Edison was a world-famous,inventor,. (,表语,),Would you like some,bananas,? (,宾语,),We chose him,monitor,of our class.,（宾语补足语）,They will meet at the,school,gate. (,定语,),The new film will last,two hours,. (,状语,),Mr,Smith,my first teacher, died yesterday.(,同位语,),Boys and girls, please look at the blackboard. (,呼语,),高考题选：,I wrote a letter to show my _ of his thoughtfulness.,A. achievement B. agreement,C. attention D. appreciation,2. We all know that _ speaks louder than words.,A. movements B. performances,C. operations D. action,3. My parents always let me have my own _ of living.,A. way B. method C. manner D. fashion,4. The new law will come into _ on the day it is passed.,A. effect B. use C. service D. existence,高考题选：,5. Youll find this map of great _ in helping you to get round London.,A. price B. cost C. value D. usefulness,6. Who did you spend last weekend with? -_.,A. Palmers B. The Palmers,C. The Palmers D. The palmers,7. Ill look into the matter as soon as possible.,Just have a little _.,A. wait B. time C. patience D. rest,8. The number of people invited _ fifty but a number of them _ absent for different reasons.,A. were, was B. was, was C. was, were D. were, were,高考题选：,9. As a result of destroying the forests a large _ of desert _ covered the land.,A. number, has B. quantity, has,C. number, have D. quantity, have,10.Here is my card. Lets keep in _.,A. touch B. relation C. connection D. friendship,11.We have missed the last bus. Im afraid we have no _ but to take a taxi.,A. way B. choice C. possibility D. selection,12. We have worked out the plan and now we must put it into _.,A. fact B. reality C. practice D. dead,13. How can I repair it? -Well, look at the _.,A. explanations B. expressions,C. instructions D. introductions,Revision of,the Articles,冠词复习,高三,英语第一轮复习语法专题之,02,1(2005.,湖南,),I cant remember when exactly the Robinsons left _ city. I only remember it was _Monday.,A. the; the B. a; the C. a; a D. the; a,2 (2004.,全国,) If you buy more than ten, they knock 20 percent off _.,A. a price B. price C. the price D. prices,说听双方均知晓的事物或定指的事物用定冠词；泛指用不定冠词,考点,1,考查不定冠词和定冠词的基本用法,不定冠词的特殊考查要点,1,1 (2006.I),Hello, could I speak to Mr. Smith?,Sorry, wrong number. There isnt _ Mr. Smith here.,2 (2004),John, there is _ Mr. Wilson on the phone for you.,Im in the bath.,A. / B. a C. the D. one,1,、不定冠词放在姓名前,a certain,，意为,“,某一（个）,”,。,不定冠词的特殊考查要点,2,John had made up his mind to give it up, but on _ second thought he determined to try _ third time.,A. /; a B. /; / C. a; a D. the; a,2,、不定冠词放在序数词前表,“,再一，又一,”,。,1 One way to understand thousands of new words is to gain _ good knowledge of basic word formation.,A. / B. the C. a D. one,2 China first-ever F1 race has proved _ great success. It provides _ platform for Chinese companies to connect with the international market.,A. a; a B. /; a C. /; the D. the; the,不定冠词的特殊考查要点,3,3.,抽象名词具体化和不可数名词具体话常加定冠词,a success/failure/shame/surprise/honor/pleasure,1. (2005,安徽）,After dinner he gave Mr. Richardson _ ride to the Capital Airport.,2. The driver was at _ loss when word came that he was forbidden to drive for speeding.,A. a; B. / C. the D. one,不定冠词的特殊考查要点,4,4,、常用于一些固定搭配中,常考不定冠词使用搭配,a most important tip, a 17th century cottage, have a gift for, a collection of, a world of, give,sb,. a ride(,载某人一程,), keep up a good state of mind,（处于良好的状态或情形,), be at a loss, in a mess, a means of, make a living, have a better understanding of, there was a time when., make a discovery, without saying a word,常考不定冠词搭配,on a second thought, have a break, make a study of, make a stir(,产生轰动,), take/have a walk,all of a sudden, keep it a secret, develop an interest in, in a hurry, pay a visit to, an average of., many a +n(,不止一个）,定冠词的特殊考查要点,1,1 (2005,安徽,) After dinner he gave Mr. Richardson _ ride to _ Capital Airport.,A. the; a B. a; the C. a; / D. the;/,2 (2004,重庆,) The most important thing about cotton in history is _ part it played in _ Industrial Revolution.,A. /; / B. the; / C. the; the D. a; the,1,、由普通名词构成的专有名词前加定冠词。,the great wall, the WHO,等,(,山东模拟）,In China, _ car is becoming _ popular means of transportation.,A. the; a B. a; / C. the; the D. a; the,(2004,广东,) While he was investigating ways to improve the telescope, Newton made _ discovery which completely changed _ mans understanding of color.,A. a; / B. a; the C. /; the D. the; a,定冠词的特殊考查要点,2,2,、,the,可数名词单数特指某一类别。注意：,man,表示“人类”时只能用单数，不能加冠词。,Who invented _ computer?,I dont know.,A. a B. the C. / D. one,定冠词的特殊考查要点,3,3,、发明创造物前加定冠词,the,。,（,2000,北京春）,Summer in _ south of France are for _ most part dry.,A. /; a B. the; / C. /;/ D. the; the,定冠词的特殊考查要点,4,4,、表示方位的名词前加定冠词,the,。但在,a town east of,Chongqing,等结构中方位名词前不用冠词。,The cleaning women get paid by _ hour.,A. / B. the C. an D. one,定冠词的特殊考查要点,5,5,、按,.,方式的表达中。,get paid by the hour/the day,注意：,be sold by weight/time,by the +,度量衡单位名词,in,名词复数,by +,度量衡名词,This is out of _ question an example of an important rule that applies to all machines.,Thank you for your explanation, but it left me none _ wiser.,A. the; a B. a; the C. /; the D. a; /,定冠词的特殊考查要点,6,6,、在固定短语和搭配中,knock 10% off the price, on the phone, the same, the former.the latter., break the silence, in the South of China, for the most part(,整体上，多半,), the Chinese/Japanese/French language, the first one, the largest one, the Smiths, none the +,比较级,(,一点也不比,.), the city of London/Shanghai, make the most of, for the moment(,暂时,), in the event of.(=in case of), play the piano,the sun/moon/universe,常考定冠词的固定搭配,Five years ago her brother was _ university student of _ physics.,A. a; the B., an; the C. an; / D. a; /,零冠词的特殊考查要点,1,1,、在学科名词前不用冠词。,(,北京模拟,) In face of _ failure, it is the most important to keep up _ good state of mind.,A. /; a B. a; / C. the; / D. /; the,零冠词的特殊考查要点,2,2,、在专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词前不用冠词。如：,Australia, wool, air, life, love, education, society,，,failure,等等。但注意抽象名词具体化前加冠词。,He was elected _ president of the USA.,Jorge Bush, _ president to the USA, is visiting China.,零冠词的特殊考查要点,3,3,、独一无二的头衔、职位名词作表语，补语或同位语。,1. _ word comes that China has won the FIFA World cup.,A. / B. One C. A D. The,2. (,广东,) While he was investigating ways to improve the telescope, New ton made _ discovery which completely changed _ mans understanding of color.,A. a; / B. a; the C. /; / D. the; a,零冠词的特殊考查要点,4,4,、,word,表,“,消息,”,man,表,“,人类,”,前不用冠词。,1. His dream was to turn _ doctor.,2. _ child as he is , he knows a lot.,A. / B. the C. a D. one,零冠词的特殊考查要点,5,5,、,turn doctor/teacher turn,表当,.,名词前不用冠词,;,在,as,引导的让步状语从句中，提前的名词前无冠词。,Child as he is,.,(2004,年天津,) When he left _ college, he got a job as _ report in a newspaper office.,A. /; a B. /; the C. a; the D. the; the,零冠词的特殊考查要点,6,4,、零冠词的常见考查短语,零冠词的常考短语,leave school/college, in case of fire, without doubt, by train/bus=in a bus, on foot, take office(,就职,), in quantity(,批量地,), in danger, in trouble, under pressure, go to bed, turn doctor, put,sb,in prison, out of date, take,sb,prisoner, listen to music, live in peace with, be in use, at sea, under construction, in debt, come to power, in good condition, in time of, in honor of, in favor of,1. _ box cannot be lifted by a boy of five.,A. So a heavy B. So heavy a,C. A such heavy D. Such heavy a,2. It is generally believed that teaching is _ it is a science.,A. an art much as B. much an art as,C. as an art much as,D. as much an art as,冠词的位置,冠词的位置,1,、,how/that(,那么,)/so/as +,adj,+ a/an+ n;,2,、,quite/rather/what/such/many + a/an +(,adj,) +n;,3,、,all/both/half/twice the + n.,例如：,so heavy a box=such a heavy box;,that expensive a car=such an expensive car; all the students; twice the size of.,He is as good a student as you.,She sang quite a beautiful song.,冠词与比较级,(2006,全国,) Your story is perfect; Ive never heard _ before.,A. the better one B. the best one,C. a better one D. a good one,Mr. Smith owns _ collection of coins than anyone else I have ever met.,A. larger B. a larger,C. the larger D. a large,-Did you enjoy yourself at the party?,-Yes. Ive never been to_ one before.,A. a more excited B. the most excited,C. a more exciting D. the most exciting,总 结,目前高考试题单纯考冠词的定指、泛指等较少，多数结合具体语境进行考查。在做题是不可一味套用冠词用法的固定规则，而需要根据具体语境判断定指还是特指；判断抽象名词具体化的各种情况；有些名词被形容词修饰则前面可用定冠词或不定冠词。总之，根据语境解题符合表达习惯是解题的最根本手段。,Homework,：,抄写模块,1 Unit1,的安妮日记部分，划出其中的名词和冠词，并说明其用法。,See you next time!,