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,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,Chapter 24,利尿药和脱水药,Diuretics Osmotic Diuretics,1,Instructional Objectives,(,教学目标,),1.,列举利尿药的分类及代表药。,2.,简述高效、中效利尿药的作用、用途,及主要不良反应。,3.,列举下列情况首选药:,急性肺水肿 脑水肿 一线抗高血压,对抗醛固酮,2,利尿药,Diuretics,Diuretics are drugs that act on the,kidneys,(,肾脏,),to,increase urine volume,by reducing sodium and water,reabsorption,.They are used to,treat edema,(,水肿,)and some,unedema,diseases such as hypertension(,高血压,),kidney stones and,hypercalcaemia,(,高血钙症,).,3,图,3-2,各种利尿药的效价强度和最大效应比较,环戊噻嗪,氢氯噻,嗪,呋噻米,氯噻,嗪,P 23,4,【,Classification of Diuretics,】,(,利尿药分类,),高效利尿药,(,袢利尿药,),:,呋噻米,、,布美他尼、依他尼酸,中效利尿药,(,噻嗪类,),:,氢氯噻嗪,低效利尿药,保钾利尿药:,螺内酯,氨苯喋啶,碳酸酐酶抑制剂:乙酰唑胺,渗透性利尿药,(脱水药):甘露醇,5,1.,利尿药作用的生理学基础,The physiological basis of actions of diuretics,6,(,一),肾小球滤过,(,glo,m,erular,filtration,),原尿,:,180 L,终尿,:,1-2 L,(二),肾小管重吸收,(,reabsorption,in renal tubules,),7,8,1.,近曲小管,(,proximal tubules,),CO,2,+H,2,O,碳酸酐酶,H,2,CO,3,H,+,+HCO,3,-,(,-,),碳酸酐酶,H,+,Na,+,重吸收,利尿,乙酰唑胺,通过,H,+,-,Na,+,交换,,,Na,+,主动重吸收,。,H,+,来自,:,(,-,),9,10,2.,髓袢,:,升支粗段髓质部和皮质部,35%NaCl,主动重吸收,K,+,-,Na,+,-,2Cl,-,共同转运系统,高效利尿药,(,Loop diuretics,),(-),髓袢升支粗段髓质部和皮质部,NaCl,重吸收,,,影响尿的稀释和浓缩,。,11,3.,远曲小管,(,Distal tubule,),10%,NaCl,重吸收,。,中效利尿药,(,Moderate efficacy diuretics,):,(,-,),远曲小管近端,NaCl,重吸收,,,影响尿的稀释,。,Na,+,-,Cl,-,共同转运系统,12,4.,集合管,(,collecting duct,),K,+,-Na,+,交换,(,醛固酮调节,),留,Na,+,排,K,+,保钾利尿药,(,-,),K,+,-Na,+,交换,利尿,留,K,+,排,Na,+,2%,5,%,NaCl,重吸收,。,13,乙酰唑胺,高效类,噻嗪类,留,钾类,14,2,.,常用利尿药,(,Individual diuretics,),一、袢利尿药,(,loop diuretics,),高效利尿药,High efficacy diuretics,呋塞米,furosemide,依他尼酸,ethacrynic,acid,布美他尼,bumetanide,15,呋噻米,Furosemide,(,速尿,),fju,rusmaid,【,Mechanism,】,机理,影响尿的稀释和浓缩,Site,:,(,-,)K,+,-Na,+,-2Cl,-,共转运系统,Mode,:,Effect,:,髓袢升支粗段髓质部和皮质部,16,【,Characteristics,】,特点,1.,利尿作用快、强,、,短,(,24 h,排尿,50,60,升,),2.,肾血流量,3.,Cl,-,、,Na,+,、,K,+,、,Ca,2,+,、,Mg,2,+,排泄,17,1.,急性肺水肿、脑水肿,Acute,p,ulmonary edema and brain edema,呋噻米,血容量,LVEDP,肺水肿,利尿,扩张静脉,回,心血量,首选,【Clinical Uses】,18,19,Question,What is cardiac asthma,(,心源性哮喘,)?,Why should,furosemide,(,呋噻米,),be used for cardiac asthma?,20,2.,各种严重水肿,serious edemas,肾病综合征、肾炎,、,肝硬化腹水,慢性充血性心衰,(,CHF,),补,K,+,3.,急、慢性肾衰,renal failure,肾血流和尿量,肾小管萎缩和坏死。,4.,加速某些毒物的排泄,Detoxification,5.,高钙血症:,钙排泄,血钙。,21,低血容量,低血钾,低血钠,低氯碱血症、低血镁,【,Adverse reactions,】,不良反应,1.,水、电解质紊乱,Water,electrolyte disturbance,低血钾,:,强心苷对心脏的毒性,;,晚期肝硬化病人诱发肝昏迷。,22,2.,耳毒性,Ototoxicity,hearing loss or deafness,(,耳聋,),禁与氨基苷类,(,aminoglycosides,),合用,3.,高尿酸血症,:,诱发痛风,4.,其他,:,胃肠道反应,(,GI reactions,),过敏反应,(,allergic reactions,),23,二、中效利尿药,Moderate efficacy diuretics,氢氯噻嗪,hydrochlorothiazide,haidr,kluru,aizaid,【,Actions,】,作用,1.,利尿作用,Diuretic action,Mode,:,(,-,),Na,+,/,Cl,-,共转运系统,(,-,),NaCl,重吸收,Site,:,远曲小管近端,Effect,:,影响尿稀释,24,2.,抗利尿作用,Anti-diuretic action,3.,降压作用,Hypotensive,effect,初期:利尿血容量,长期:扩张外周血管,排,Na,+,血浆渗透压,口渴,Characteristics,(,特点,),Cl,-,、,Na,+,、,K,+,、,HCO,3,-,排泄,Ca,2,+,重吸收,25,【,Clinical uses,】,临床用途,【,Adverse reactions,】,不良反应,1.,水肿,(,edema,),:,轻、中度水肿,2.,尿崩症,3.,高血压,(,hypertension,):,一线降压药,4.,高尿钙症伴有肾结石,1.,低血钾、低血镁、低氯碱血症,2.,高尿酸、高血糖、高血脂,26,螺,内酯,(,安体舒通,),【,Action,】,作用,竞争性,对抗醛固酮,的作用 保,K,+,排,Na,+,利尿,【,Uses,】,用途,1,.,与醛固酮有关的顽固性水肿,2,.,充血性心衰,(CHF),【,Adverse reactions,】,不良反应,1.,高血钾;,2.,性激素样副作用。,三、保钾利尿药(低效能,Low efficacy diuretics,),27,氨苯,喋啶、,阿米洛利,1.,直接(,-,),K,+,-Na,+,交换;,2.,与排钾利尿药合用治疗水肿;,3.,引起高血钾。,四、碳酸酐酶抑制药,(,Carbonic,anhydrase,inhibitor,),乙酰唑胺,治疗青光眼、急性高山病。,Question,治疗青光眼及青光眼禁用的药物有哪些?,28,五、渗透性利尿药,Osmotic diuretics,脱水药,Dehydrant,【,Common characteristics,】,(,共性,),1,.,易被肾小球滤过,;,2,.,难被肾小管重吸收,;,3,.,无其它药理作用。,29,甘露醇,mannitol,【,Actions,】,作用,1.,脱水作用,2.,利尿作用,iv,血浆渗透压,组织间液水分向血浆转移组织脱水,(,20%,高渗溶液,),(,1,),循环血容量,肾小球滤过率,(,2,)(,-,),NaCl,重吸收,髓质高渗区不能形成,水重吸收,30,【,Clinical uses,】,临床用途,脑水肿,(,brain edema,):,首选,青光眼,(,glaucoma,),3.,预防急性肾衰,(,1,),脱水肾间质水肿,(,2,),尿量稀释肾小管内有害物质,【,Contraindication,】,(,禁忌症,),慢性心功能不全、活动性颅内出血。,31,女性患者,22,岁,在一次车祸中头部严重受伤,,脑水肿,,下列不宜选用的药物是:,A,呋塞米,B,甘露醇,C,螺内酯,D,布美他尼,E,依他尼酸,32,对呋塞米,(,速尿,),的描述错误的是:,A.,为高效利尿药,B.,增加肾脏血流量,C.,各种水肿首选,D.,过度利尿可导致低血钾,E.,与氨基苷类合用增加耳毒性,33,
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