高产奶牛产奶早期的管理课件

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,高产奶牛,100,天饲养管理关键点,2014.12.25,2024/10/4,日粮目标,提供可获得最大经济回报的最新均衡营养,现在,将来,终生,中美近十年的产量动态,中国,美国,中美近五年奶牛养殖重点关注点,美国,中国,牛群舒适度,粗料质量,休息时间,采食量,应激,品种改良,采食量,管理流程,中美对日粮管理关注项的差异,关注项,美国,中国,青贮切短,0.8,1.5,草,小于,5,不一,日粮,口感,标准,日粮,一致性,均匀度,玉米,粒度,添加量,微量,有机,关注,中美,40KG,产量典型,DMI,对比,美国,中国,青贮玉米,7,青贮玉米,7,苜蓿半干青贮,3,苜蓿干草,4.5,苜蓿干草,1,玉米,5.5,玉米,4.5,豆粕,2,豆粕,2,棉粕,1,全棉籽,1.5,DDGS,0.5,啤酒渣,3.5,麸皮,0.5,豆皮,1,羊草,0.5,添加剂,0.5,啤酒渣,2,添加剂,0.6,2024/10/4,中国主流牧场的产奶差异在哪？,品种？,日粮组成？,配方？,2024/10/4,小事认真做,2024/10/4,你想产量达多少？,2024/10/4,更多养殖者关心单产,少数人关心支持产量的采食量,2024/10/4,泌乳早期采食量在同等条件下由什么决定,停乳期间的瘤胃充盈度、DMI,适可性、排诉程度,消化速度、能量满足,2024/10/4,休息优于采食,500L血液流经乳腺=1L牛奶,奶牛休息时血液通过乳腺最高可以达到3000L,而在奶牛站立时最多只能有1300L通过,2024/10/4,挑食是奶牛健康和奶牛健康天敌,挑食始于适口性差异,减少于混合与保持,混合效果不仅是设备,多次搅拌增加效果,2024/10/4,合适的采光时间和光度是高产的保证,产奶牛的采食通道200勒克司（Lux)18小时光照,奶厅250以上200勒克司（Lux),临产牛280-300200勒克司（Lux),犊牛20小时,2024/10/4,一切的养殖只为转化,饲料-牛奶,养殖的目的是让更多的饲料转化牛奶,转化的首程是消化,消化的唯一 检验标准是粪便检验,2024/10/4,营养优先利用,奶牛营养利用优先顺序,维持（成年母牛维持占到,60,）,妊娠（妊娠后期胎儿生长需要为,25,）,生长（头胎和二胎）,（泌乳）,脂肪和蛋白组织更新,繁殖,2024/10/4,维持日产奶,40kg,所需要干物质采食量,奶牛需要日采食,24kg,干物质,相当于体重的,3.5-4%,等于,1,小时,1kg,在冬季中国的日粮组成和配制很难达到这一点,夏季更困难,2024/10/4,高产只能通过易消化干物质采食量来提供,日奶产量,45,30,15,泌乳净能,41.5,31.5,23.5,可代谢蛋白,2800,1750,1300,干物质采食,26,19,14,鲜重采食,52,38,28,2024/10/4,日粮组成的特点,One or more of the following,促进干物质采食,提供瘤胃可利用能源,可消化纤维,淀粉,糖,提供过瘤胃能源,提供瘤胃降解蛋白和过瘤胃蛋白,(,可利用氨基酸模型,),氨基酸模型,提供维生素和矿物质,2024/10/4,影响干物质采食的因素,管理,个体,饲料,采食空间,采食时间,牧草长度,舒适度,昼长,日粮变化,饲喂频率,新鲜饲料,舍饲,温度,水供应,天气,干奶,体况,健康,奶产量,奶质,瘤胃容积,乳阶段,消化率,日粮浓度,适口性,颗粒大小或形状,蛋白水平,蛋白降解比例,瘤胃缓冲能力,pH,消化速率,2024/10/4,产犊前后干物质采食量变化,2024/10/4,泌乳早期干物质采食量变化,2024/10/4,-60 -30 0306090120,DAYS IN MILK,adapted from Nelson; and Kehrli et.al.,incidence rate of metabolic and infectious disease,immune suppression (white blood cell activity),产犊期间免疫力下降所致易感疾病及治疗,2024/10/4,Driving Up Milk Production,决定产奶量的因素,Primary key nutrient is ENERGY, ENERGY, ENERGY,关键养分：能量,Rumen energy,瘤胃能源物质,Digestible fibre (NDF),可消化纤维（,NDF,）,Starch and sugar (NSC),淀粉和糖（,NSC,，肥结构性碳水化合物）,Rumen by-pass energy,过瘤胃能源,Rumen by-pass fat,过瘤胃脂肪,As milk yield increases less opportunity to use feeds of variable quality,随奶产量增加，要求饲料质量变动小,2024/10/4,因而需要精确所有饲料中的能量浓度,Forage is the most variable,粗料变化最大,But:-,因而,Represents approximately 50 % of the diet,高产泌乳牛日粮中最多占据,50,Potential to be the least palatable of all dietary constituents,在所有日粮组成中适口性最差,But avoid feeding highly palatable but low digestibility forages,避免饲喂适口性好但消化率差的粗料,Huge benefit to analysing forages prior to feeding,粗料分析后饲喂益处巨大,If the cow tells you it is usually too late!,等到奶牛能反映出来就太晚了。,More precise and predictable rations,需要更精确设计和预测日粮。,One can only improve forage quality by learning from past experiences,从过去的经验中我们唯一能得出的就是提高粗料品质。,2024/10/4,关键能量来源,Name,Description,High in,OIL,脂肪,Highest energy source available,Not used by rumen bacteria as an energy source,能值最高，但不能被瘤胃微生物利用,Whole oilseeds,油籽实,Megalac,美加力,Sugar,糖类,Very quickly fermented in rumen,瘤胃发酵迅速,Molasses,糖蜜,Starch,淀粉,Quickly fermented in rumen,瘤胃发酵快,Maize , wheat ,Maize silage,玉米、小麦、玉米青贮,NDF,中性洗涤纤维,Complex structure slowly fermented in rumen,结构复杂，瘤胃发酵速度慢,Forage,粗料, Sugar beet feed,甜菜丝,2024/10/4,均衡能量供应：淀粉,VS,可消化纤维,Starch,淀粉,Milk Yield,奶产量,Digestible Fibre,可消化纤维,Milk Fat %,乳脂率,Rumen Health,瘤胃健康,2024/10/4,Neutral Detergent Fibre ( NDF ),中性洗涤纤维,NDF is the best available measure of digestible fibre (,structural carbohydrate,):,E.g. Cellulose , hemicellulose NDF,是最好的可消化纤维来源（结构性碳水化合物）：例如纤维素和半纤维素,The other,non-structural carbohydrates,being:,E.g. Starch , sugar , pectin,其它非结构性碳水化合物：淀粉、糖类、果胶,Diets low in NDF will reduce butterfats,日粮,NDF,低会减少乳脂率,BUT ALSO,Where the NDF comes from is important NDF,的来源很重要,NDF in overall diet,整个日粮,NDF,含量,NDF from forage,来源粗料,NDF,2024/10/4,Minimum NDF GuidelinesNDF,最低含量,Dry , Adequate (USA),Particle Size,干燥，适当的颗粒大小,Wet , Small,Particle Size,湿的，小颗粒,Minimum Forage NDF %,粗料来源,NDF,Minimum Dietary NDF %,日粮中,NDF,Minimum Forage NDF %,粗料来源,NDF,Minimum Dietary NDF %,日粮中,NDF,19,25,20,33,18,27,19,35,17,29,18,37,16,31,17,39,15,33,16,41,2024/10/4,玉米和牧草青贮按,3,：,1,比例饲喂奶牛时，,NDF,替代,NSC,的效果,Source: University of Reading,2024/10/4,玉米和牧草青贮按,3,：,1,比例饲喂奶牛时，,NDF,替代,NSC,的效果,Source: University of Reading,2024/10/4,Starch NSC,淀粉非结构性碳水化合物,ABNA trials have shown the negative effect of increasing starch levels on Butterfat % (positive effect on Protein) ABNA,试验表明增加淀粉会导致黄油脂肪率下降，但提高蛋白,Feeding excess starch in combination with low fibre , wet and or acidic forages is sure way to depress butterfat , cause acidosis and displaced abomasums,饲喂淀粉过多和纤维低、水分大以及酸性大的粗料会降低黄油脂肪，导致酸中毒和真胃扭转。,2024/10/4,能量来源对乳脂组成的影响,2024/10/4,奶牛饲喂淀粉和可消化纤维能源的效果,USA,Mansfield 1994,Solomon 2000,Leiva 2000,Base Diet,基础日粮,Maize,Beet Pulp,Maize,Citrus,Hominy,Citrus,DMI (kg),21.55,20.4,21.0,20.4,21.5,21.0,Milk (kg),32.3,32.0,35.6,34.7,32.9,31.4,Fat %,3.64,3.82,3.33,3.38,3.43,3.54,Protein (%),3.01,2.90,3.00,2.93,2.83,2.71,2024/10/4,奶牛饲喂淀粉和可消化纤维能源的效果,USA,Sucrose (%),Starch (%),DMI (kg),Milk (kg),Fat (%),Protein (%),FCM (kg),0,7.5,24.5,39,3.24,2.73,40.6,2.5,5.,25.6,40.5,3.37,2.82,42.3,5,2.5,26,40.1,3.64,2.84,44.0,7.5,0,26.1,39.5,3.57,2.82,43.3,2024/10/4,调控奶产量和组成,Dry matter intake (kg/day),NDF/NSC,NSC,NSC,+ Megalac,Silage,9.90,9.28,9.69,Concentrates,10.41,10.43,10.34,Total,20.31,19.71,20.03,2024/10/4,调控奶产量和组成,NDF/NSC,NSC,NSC,+ Megalac,Milk yield (kg),37.1,38.0,39.4,Milk fat (%),3.80,3.35,3.69,Milk protein (%),3.03,3.03,2.9,Milk fat (kg),1,416,1,257,1446,Milk protein (kg),1,121,1,145,1140,Scottish Universities 1997,2024/10/4,精料粗蛋白水平对青贮采食量和奶产量的影响,Source: IGER,2024/10/4,精料粗蛋白水平对奶质的影响,Source: IGER,2024/10/4,常用原料成分（干物质基础）,原料,油,%,糖,%,淀粉,%,NDF%,NEL,Mcal / kg,Crude,Protein %,Digestible,RUP%,羊草,1.3,1.5,1.0,70.0,0.95,4,0.8,无棒青贮,3.0,1.0,5.0,75.0,1.1,8,1.6,带棒青贮,3.5,4.5,20,50.0,1.25,7,1.4,啤酒糟,6.2,2.0,2.0,47.0,1.75,28,8.0,玉米,4.2,1.8,70,10.0,2.05,9,3.5,豆粕,2.8,9.0,5.0,10.0,2.1,49,16.0,全棉子,20.0,7.0,2.2,46.0,1.94,24,4,2024/10/4,，每公斤饲料干物质应含有什么？,2024/10/4,羊草和玉米组合不理想,2024/10/4,增加产量和乳脂率的方法,Improve forage quality,改善粗料品质,Limit starch supply,限制淀粉用量,Replace starch with sugar and digestible fibre,用糖类和可消化纤维纤维替代部分玉米,Feed protected fats,饲喂保护性脂肪,Ensure sufficient Rumen Degradable Protein to help forage digestion,确保足够的瘤胃降解蛋白来促进粗料消化,Consider feeding Buffer Salts,考虑饲喂缓冲盐,再见,谢谢！,