Perception（英文版）nki

单击以编辑母版标题样式,单击以编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Class 3.Perception,I.Definition and importance,A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment,What one perceives can be substantially different from objective reality,Peoples behavior is based on their perception of what reality is,not reality itself.,II.Factors Influencing Perception,The perceiver,object,context,The perceivers personal characteristics,interpretation,-attitudes,motives,attentive focus,-preoccupied problem,interests,past experience(novice,keen),Distortion,-expectation,Characteristics in the target,attractiveness of the shape,-motion,sounds,size background,similarity,physical or time proximity,The Situation-,T,location,light,heat,setting,III.Attribution Theory,Nonliving objects are subject to the law of nature with no beliefs,motives or intentions.Perception of a persons action influenced by the assumptions we make about the persons internal state,When individuals observe behavior,they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused.3 factors,Internally caused behaviors,(external causation):under the personal control of the individual;,III.Attribution Theory,Distinctiveness,:,whether an individual displays different behaviors in different,situation.(unusual),Consensus,:if everyone faced with a similar setting responds in the same way.(high-E),Consistency,:does the person respond the same way over time.(high-I),Fundamental attribution error,:the tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors-when making judgement about others,Self-serving bias,:,IV.Shortcuts in judging others,Make accurate perception rapidly,risk,Selective perception,:people selectively interpret what they see based on their interests,background,experience,and attitudes.Study take the stimuli in bits and piece,risk,Halo effect,:Drawing a general impression about an individual based on a single characteristic.-traits are ambiguous in behavioral,moral overtone,limited experience,IV.Shortcuts in judging others,Contrast effects,:Evaluations of a persons characteristics that are affected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristic.,Projection,:Attributing ones own characteristics to other people.(take homogenuity for granted),Stereotyping,:Judging someone on the basis of ones perception of the group to which that person belongs,1st impression,recent,V.Applications in Organizations,Employment interview,-,Make inaccurate perceptual judgements;Early expression-1st 4-5 minutes carry greater weight;Absence of unfavor-,Performance expectations,Self-fulfilling prophecy,:when one inaccurately perceives the 2nd&the resulting expectations cause the 2nd person to behave in ways consistent with the original perception,V.Applications in Organizations,Performance evaluation:,Objective measure;subjective appraisal,perception,Employee effort:U,sually,a,n individuals future is not dependent on performance alone,sometimes the lever of effort is given high importance.Subjective judgement.,Employee loyalty or commitment,:openly disparaging,looking for outside opportunities,whistle-blowers,Section 2 The link between perception and Individual Decision Making,Decision,:The making of choices from among 2 or more alternatives,An important part of OB,empowering.The way&quality of choices-perception,Problem,:,A discrepancy between some current state of affairs&desired state.,Awareness;information(data)screening,processing,I.The Optimizing D-M Model,That describes how individuals should behave to maximize some outcome,Steps:1.,Ascertain the need for decision-disparity 2.Identify the decision criteria 3.Allocate weight to the criteria 4.5.Develop,evaluate the alternatives 6.Select the best,I.The Optimizing D-M Model,Assumption of the Optimizing Model Simple,well-structured,Rationality,:,Choices that are consistent&value-maximizing.Fully objective&logical Goal oriented(compatible),criteria set,All options are known,Preferences are clear,constant,solution can be found(final choice),Prediction from the model-,Stable over time,II.Alternative D-M Model,1.The Satisficing Model,Complexity,high uncertainty,A D-M model where a decision maker chooses the 1st solution that is“good enough”,that is satisfactory&sufficient,Bounded rationality,:,Individuals make decisions by constructing simplified model that extract the essential features from problems without capturing all their complexity.,II.Alternative D-M Model,2.The Implicit Favorite Model,A D-M model where the decision maker implicitly selects a preferred alternative early in the decision process&biases the evaluation of all other choices,II.Alternative D-M Model,3.The Intuitive Model,An unconscious process created out of distilled experience,Intuition,:a form of extrasensory power,6 sense;personality trait inherent;chess player,Condition:,1.high level of uncertainty,2.little precedent,3.variables are less