翻译第四讲 名词性从句一

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,名词性从句（一）,名词性从句,名词从句是指行使名词功能的从句，包括,主语从句,、,宾语从句,、表语从句、同位语从句以及补语从句。,主语从句,从句作主语,主语从句主要由,that,what,whether,how,以及其它词引导，还有就是由代词,it,作形式主语。,_(,他在这场事故中幸免于难,)is a miracle.,That he survived the accident,提示：尽管,that,并没有实际含义，但是他起到引导主语从句的功能，在这里不可省略。,主语从句,从句作主语,_(,他喜欢做的事情,)is ignored by society as of no value or importance.,_(,他是如何设法完成这项工作的,)is of interest to us all.,_(,结果是否有价值,)depends partly on our attitudes towards it.,What he enjoys doing,How he managed to finish the job,Whether the results will be valuable,提示：,whether,引导的主语从句位于句首时，,whether,不能由,if,代替。,主语从句,从句作主语,有时为了句子平衡，通常在主语处使用形式主语,it,而将真正的主语从句后置。,1.,对于以连词,that,引导的主语从句，通常用形式主语代替主语从句：,Its vital _(,他知道这件事,).,It was intended _(,你当候选人,).,that he should know about this,that you be the candidate,主语从句,从句作主语,2.,对于以连接代词（副词）引导的主语从句，可以使用形式主语代替主语从句，也可直接在句首使用主语从句。,_(,他们是否会支持我们,)was a problem.,It was a problem _(,他们是否会支持我们,).,Whether they would support us,Whether they would support us,主语从句,从句作主语,3.,对关系代词型,what,引导的主语从句，通常直接将主语从句放在句首。有时候也可用形式主语：,It is clear enough _(,他是什么意思,).,what he meant,主语从句,从句作主语,4.,如果句子是疑问句，则必须用带形式主语,it,的结构：,Is it true _(,他是那女孩的父亲,)?,How is it _(,你又迟到了,)?,he is the girls father,you are late again,主语从句,从句作主语,连词,that,的省略问题：,引导主语从句的连词,that,有时可省略，有时不可省略，其原则是：,若,that,引导的主语从句直接位于句首，则,that,不能省略,；若,that,引导的主语从句位于句末，而在句首使用了形式主语,it,则,that,可以省略。,主语从句,从句作主语,_(,你错过了讲座,)was a pity.,解析：此句中，,that,引导的主语从句位于句首，,that,不可省略。,It was a pity _(,你错过了讲座,).,解析：此句中，,that,可省略。,That you missed the lecture,(that)you missed the lecture,宾语从句,从句作宾语,定义,：在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。,分类,：动词的宾语从句，介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。,时态,：,1.,主句用,一般现在时,，从句可用任意时态。,2.,主句用过去时，从句用过去某个时态。,3.,主句用过去时，从句是客观真理时，只用一般现在时。,宾语从句,从句作宾语,连接宾语从句的,从属连词,主要有,that,if,whether,：,that,引导表示陈述的宾语从句,He told me _(,他明年上大学,).,that he would go to college the,next year,宾语从句,从句作宾语,if,和,whether,引导表示“是否,”,的一般疑问句的宾语从句,I dont know _(,是否还会有公交车,).,Nobody knew _(,他是否能通过考试,).,if there will be a bus any more,whether he could pass the exam,宾语从句,从句作宾语,If,和,whether,在宾语从句中的区别：,1.if,和,whether,当作“是否”解释时，引导宾语从句常常放在动词,know,ask,care,wonder,find out,等之后，,介词,后一般不用,if,；,We are talking about _(,是否让他加入我们的俱乐部,).,whether we admit him into our club,宾语从句,从句作宾语,2.,少数动词，如：,leave,discuss,doubt,后的宾语从句常用,whether,；,3.whether,后可以加,or not,，但是,if,不可以；,I doubted _(,他能否通过考试,).,whether he could pass the exam,(or not),宾语从句,从句作宾语,4.,在不定式前只能用,whether,；,I cant decide _(,是否留下,).,5.,避免歧义时，我们常用,whether,而不用,if,。,whether to stay,宾语从句,从句作宾语,连接代词主要有,who,whom,whose,what,whoever,whomever,whosever,whatever,whichever,等。,连接代词一般指疑问，但,what,whatever,除了指疑问以外，也可以指陈述。,宾语从句,从句作宾语,Do you know _(,是谁赢了这场比赛,)?,The book will show you _(,最好的执行总裁应该了解些什么,).,Have you determined _(,是支持美国队还是法国队,),？,who has won the game,what the best CEOs should know,whichever you should support,the American Team or the French Team,宾语从句,从句作宾语,连接副词主要有,when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however,等。,He didnt tell me _(,什么时候我们能再见面,).,Could you please tell me _(,你是怎样使用这台新机器的,)?,how you use the new machine,when we could meet again,宾语从句,从句作宾语,None of us knows _(,他为什么自杀,).,Do you know _(,这些零件在哪里能买到,)?,why he committed suicide,where these parts can be bought,宾语从句,从句作宾语,大多数动词都可以带宾语从句，部分“,动词,+,副词,”结构也可以带宾语从句：,Can you,work out,_(,这次旅行我们将花费多少钱,)?,I have,found out,_(,这场音乐会的票都卖光了,).,how much we will spend during the trip,all the tickets for the concert have been sold out,宾语从句,从句作宾语,动词短语也可以带宾语从句：,常见的动词短语：,make sure,make up ones mind,keep in mind,等,Make sure _(,试卷上没有任何错误,)before you turn in them.,That there are no mistakes in your papers,宾语从句,从句作宾语,可以运用形式宾语,it,代替的宾语从句：,1.,动词,find,feel,consider,make,believe,等后面有宾语补足语的时候，需要用,it,做形式宾语，而将,that,宾语从句后置。,I think it necessary _(,多喝开水,)every day.,that we take plenty of hot water,宾语从句,从句作宾语,I made it a rule _ every day(,我写日记,).,We all find it important _(,对这件事马上做出决定,).,I feel it a pity _(,没去聚会,).,that I keep diaries,that we(should)make a quick decision about this matter,that I havent been to the party,宾语从句,从句作宾语,2.,有些动词带宾语从句时需要在宾语从句前加,it,，这类动词主要有：,hate,take,owe,have,see to,（负责，注意，照料）,.,I hate it _(,他们满嘴食物的时候说话,).,We take it _(,你会同意我们的,).,when they with their mouths full of food,that you will agree with us,宾语从句,从句作宾语,When you start the engine,you must see to it _(,汽车的离合器处于空挡位置,).,that your car is in neutral,宾语从句,从句作宾语,3.,若宾语从句是,wh,-,类，则不可以用,it,代替。,We all consider_(,你所说的,)to be unbelievable.,We discovered _(,我们所学到的东西,)to be valuable.,what you said,what we had learned,宾语从句,从句作宾语,Exercises,：,1.The court decisions have ordered _(,公立学校必须采取必要步骤提供这种教育,).,2.I cant understand _(,他为什么不跟我说话,).,that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education,why he avoided speaking to me,宾语从句,从句作宾语,3.Many Americans live on credit,and their quality of life _(,是用他们能够借到多少来衡量的,),not how much they can earn.2007.12,4.The teacher said _(,月亮围着地球转,).,is measured by how much they can loan,the moon goes around the earth,宾语从句,从句作宾语,5.I know nothing about my new neighbor except_(,他曾在一家公司上班,).,6.Im sure _(,我会通过所有的考试,).,7.The reporter asked _(,政府是否会采取必要的措施镇压骚乱,).,that he used to work in a company,I wil