第一讲：名词

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,第一讲：名词,一,英语语法,一,.,名词的分类,名词,专有名词,普通名词,可数名词,个体名词,集体名词,不可数名词,物质名词,抽像名词,1.,专有名词,表示人物、地方、国家、组织、机构等专有名称的词。,如,:,Tom,China,Qingdao University,the Great Wall,特性,：,与其所表示的事物一一对应。,实词的首字母要大写。,2.,普通名词,泛指一类人或事物的名称的词。,如,:,student,girl,money,分类,：,可数名词,如,:,boy,girl,不可名词,如,:,water,money,bread,可数名词,表示单个的人或事物的名称的词。,如,:,book,actor,集体名词,表示由若干人或事物组成的集合体的名称的词。,如：,family,class,不可数名词,分类：,物质名词,和,抽像名词,物质名词,表示构成世上万物的物质或材料名称的词。,如,:,water,wood,ink,抽像名词,表示性质、行为、状态、情感等抽像概念名称的词。,如：,freedom,fun,health,weather,news,二,.,名词的数,1.,规则名词复数的构成。,(1),一般情况下直接加,-s,。在清辅音后读,/s/,，在元音和浊辅音后读,/z/,。,如：,cooks,pens,boys,(2),以,s,x,sh,ch,结尾的名词，直接加,-,es,读,/,iz,/,。,如：,buses,places,inches,(3),以辅音字母,+y,结尾的名词，,y,变成,i,，再加,es,。,如：,lady-ladies,story-stories,注意：,以元音字母,+y,结尾的词，直接加,s,，,如：,boy-boys,。,(4),以,o,结尾的名词。,一般直接加,s,读,/z/,。,如,：,radio-radios,photo-photos,zoo-zoos,piano-pianos,少数加,es,读,/z/,。,hero-heroes,tomato-tomatoes,potato-potatoes,negro-negroes,两种情况均可。,如,:,zero-zeros/zeroes,(5),以,f/fe,结尾的词。,一般将,f/fe,变为,v,再加,es,读,/,vz,/,。,如,：,wife,knife,wolf,thief,shelf,self,life,half,leaf,妻子,(wife),持刀去宰,狼,(wolf),，,小偷,(thief),吓得发了慌；,躲在,架,(shelf),后保,己（,self),命,(life),，,半,(half),片,树叶,(leaf),遮目光。,有些直接加,s,，读,/s/,。,如：,roof-roofs,belief-beliefs,safe-safes,个别有两种形式。,如,：,handkerchief-handkerchiefs/,handkerchieves,2.,不规则名词复数的构成。,(1),变内部元音。,如：,m,a,n-m,e,n,wom,a,n-wom,e,n,t,oo,th-t,ee,th,(2),单复数同形。,如：,fish,sheep,deer,Chinese,(3),无规则变化。,如：,mouse-mice,child-children,3.,复合名词复数的构成,(1),有中心词（主要名词）时，通常将中心词变为复数。,如：,story-,teller,story,-tellers,mother-in-law,mothers-in-law,passer-by,passers-by,looker-on,lookers-on,(2),没有,(,主要,),名词时，在词尾加,s,。,如,:,grown-up,grown-ups,go-between,go-betweens,(3),由,man/woman,加其他名词构成的复合名词变复数时前后都变。,如：,man driver-men drivers,woman writer-women writers,注意,:,boy/girl student-boy/girl students,German-Germans,(4),字母、符号、数字等复数的构成通常在其后加,s,。,如：,There are two,t,s,in teeth.,There are three 8,s,in this number.,三、名词所有格,名词所有格表示所有关系。,如,:,Toms cat,分类：,s,所有格,of,所有格和双重所有格,1.s,所有格,(1)s,所有格的构成,通常在名词后加,s,，如果词尾已有,s,，则直接加。,如：,the girl,s,books,Charles,bag,(2)s,所有格的运用,多用于表示有生命的人或动物的名词。,如：,Jims bike,Marys skirt,也可用于表示时间、空间、距离、价格、重量等无生命的名词。,如,：,the citys history,three days time,the books author,todays newspaper,比较,:,Mary and Jeans room,两人共有的房间,Marys and Jeans rooms,两人各自的房间,(3),s,所有格后名词的省略,前面出现的名词，可以省略。,如：,This MP5 is Marys.,其后的名词表示某人的家、办公场所时可以省略。,如,：,He stayed at Johns last night.,The boy went to the barbers.,2.of,所有格,(1)of,所有格的运用,主要用于无生命的名词。,如,：,the leg of the table,the top of the mountain,也可用于表示人或动物的名词。,如,：,the pride of her family,the daughter of a policeman,(3).,s,所有格和,of,所有格的比较,两者很多情况下可以通用。,如：,the films end=the end of the film,the young peoples education=the education of the young people,表示类别属性时通常用,s,。,如,：,womens clothes,childrens books,名词以“,the+,形容词,/,分词”的形式出现时，通常用,of,所有格。,如：,the problem of the young,the children of the killed,3.,双重所有格,双重所有格是,s,所有格和,of,所有格的结合，通常表示“许多中的一个或一部分”。,如：,a friend of Marys,some books of our teachers,四,.,不可数名词的量化表达,不可数名词没有单复数的形式变化，表示不可数名词的量常用以下两种方法：,(1),用,some,much,a little,little,a lot of,lots of,plenty of,等来表示。,如：,much water,许多水；,a lot of money,许多钱；,a little milk,一点牛奶；,plenty of rice,足量的大米；,some orange juice,一些橘汁,(2).,用容器来表示,。,如：,a cup of coffee,一杯咖啡；,two pots of water,两壶水；,ten bags of rice,十袋子大米；,six boxes of ink,六盒墨水,(3),用计量单位来表示。,如,：,a loaf/slice of bread,一块,/,片面包,a grain of rice,一粒米,a piece of paper,一张纸,五,.,名词的语法功能,1.,作主语,如,:,A good teacher,must be patient.,2.,作宾语,如：,I like,English,.,3.,作表语,如：,He is a,student,.,4.,作定语,如：,These are,apple,trees.,5.,作宾补,如,:,We all call him,Tom,.,6.,名词作定语的注意事项：,(1),名词作定语时通常用单数,如,：,shoe factory,telephone number,(2)“,数词,-,名词”结构作定语时，名词也要用单数。,如：,an eight-hour sleep,(=an eight,hours,sleep),a nine-year-old girl,(=a nine,years,old girl),(3),少数名词习惯上用复数。,如：,sports car,parents meeting,六,.,练习,1.,(2008,湖北恩施,),They are from _.Theyre _.,A.,Germany;Germans,B.,Germans;Germany,C.,German;Germany,D.,Germany;Germen,2.,(2008,江苏南通,),Do you like _?,No.I prefer rose,the,colour,of your dress.,A.,orange,B.,oranges,C.,carrot,D.,carrots,3.,(2008,四川泸州,),How many _ do you want every week?,A.,milk,B.,water,C.,apples,4.,(2008,河北省,),Can you imagine what life will be like in _ time?,A.,20 years,B.,20 years,C.,20-year,D.,20-years,5.,(2008,四川攀枝花,),How is your skirt,Marry?,It is more beautiful than _.,A.,my sisters,B.,my sister,C.,sisters,D.,mine,7.,(2008,安徽省,),The music made me think of the _ of a running stream.,A.,shout,B.,noise,C.,voice,D.,sound,6.,(2008,黑龙江鸡西,),There are a lot of _ in our school.They work very hard.,A.,woman teachers,B.,women teachers,C.,womans,teachers,8.,(2008,福建莆田,),So far,spaceships without people have reached the moon and some other parts of the _.,A.,world,B.,universe,C.,sky,9.,(2008,江西南昌,),Why not go to the Great Wall this Saturday?,Im afraid its not a good _.Many of us have been there.,A.,place,B.,day,C.,plan,D.,idea,10.,(2008,山东省,),Do you like to listen to“Mozart”?,Yes.Listening to _ is my favorite.,A.,songs,B.,music,C.,stories,D.,news,11.,(2008,河南省,),When I hurriedly got to the airport,the lady at the wind