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Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second Level,Third Level,Fourth Level,Fifth Level,Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.,Public Goods and Common Resources,公共物品和共有资源,Chapter 11,“,The best things in life are free.”,Free goods provide a special challenge for economic analysis,Most goods in our economy are allocated in markets,for these goods,prices are the signals that guide the decisions of buyers and sellers.,“生活中最好的东西就是免费的”,免费物品向经济分析提出了特殊的挑战。,在我们的经济中，大部分物品是在市场中配置的。,对这些物品来说，价格是引导买者和卖者决策的信号。,“,The best things in life are free.”,“生活中最好的东西就是免费的”,When goods are available free of charge,the market forces that normally allocate resources in our economy are absent.,当一些物品可以免费得到时，在正常情况下，经济中配置资源的市场力量就不存在了。,“,The best things in life are free.”,“生活中最好的东西就是免费的”,When a good does not have a price attached to it,private markets cannot ensure that the good is produced and consumed in the proper amounts.,当一种物品没有价格时，私人市场就不能保证该物品生产和消费的适当数量。,“,The best things in life are free.”,“生活中最好的东西就是免费的”,In such cases,government policy can potentially remedy the market failure that results,and raise economic well-being.,在上述情况下，政府政策可以潜在地解决市场失灵，并增进经济福利。,The Different Kinds of Goods,When thinking about the various goods in the economy,it is useful to group them according to two characteristics:,Is the good excludable?,Is the good rival?,不同类型的物品,在考虑经济中的各种物品时，根据两个特点来对物品分类是有用的,:,物品有排他性吗？,物品有竞争性吗?,The Different Kinds of Goods,不同类型的物品,Excludability,排他性,People can be prevented from enjoying the good.,可以阻止一个人使用一种物品时该物品的特性,Laws recognize and enforce private property rights.,法律承认并对私人产权进行保护。,The Different Kinds of Goods,不同类型的物品,Rivalness,竞争性,One persons use of the good diminishes another persons enjoyment of it.,一个人使用一种物品减少其他人使用时该物品的特性。,Four Types of Goods,四种物品,Private Goods,私人物品,Public Goods,公共物品,Common Resources,共有资源,Natural Monopolies,自然垄断,Types of Goods,物品的类型,Private Goods,私人物品,Are both excludable and rival.,既有排他性又有竞争性。,Public Goods,公共物品,Are neither excludable nor rival.,既无排他性又无竞争性。,Types of Goods,物品的类型,Common Resources,共有资源,Are rival but not excludable.,有竞争性但无排他性。,Natural Monopolies,自然垄断,Are excludable but not rival.,有排他性但无竞争性。,Four Types of Goods,Rival?,Yes,No,Yes,Private Goods,Ice,-,cream cones,Clothing,Congested toll roads,Natural Monopolies,Fire protection,Cable TV,Uncongested,toll,roads,No,Common Resources,Fish in the ocean,The environment,Congested,nontoll,roads,Public Goods,National de,fense,Knowledge,Uncongested nontoll,roads,Excludable?,四种物品类型,竞争性,是,否,是,私人物品,冰激凌,-,衣服,拥挤的收费道路,自然垄断,消防,有线电视,不拥挤的收费道路,否,共有资源,海洋中的鱼,环境,拥挤的不收费道路,公共物品,国防,知识,不拥挤的不收费道路,排他性,Public Goods,Goods that are not excludable and,therefore,are available to everyone free of charge.,Externalities arise because something of value has no price attached to it.,People receive benefits without having to compensate anyone for the use of scarce resources.,公共物品,每个人都可以免费得到不具有排他性的物品。,因为具有价值的东西没有相应的市场价格，从而导致了外部性。,人们从使用稀缺资源中得到利益而不必向任何人进行支付。,The Free-Rider Problem,搭便车问题,A,free-rider,is a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for it.,搭便车者,得到一种物品的利益但避开为此支付的人。,The Free-Rider Problem,Since people cannot be excluded from enjoying the benefits of a public good,individuals may withhold paying for the good hoping that others will pay for it.,The free-rider problem prevents private markets from supplying public goods.,搭便车问题,因为不能排除个人从公共物品中享受利益，所以他们不愿意自己支付成本，而希望他人支付。,搭便车者问题排除了私人市场提供公共物品。,Solving the Free-Rider Problem,The government can decide to provide the public good if the total benefits exceed the costs.,The government can make everyone better off by providing the public good and paying for it with tax revenue.,解决搭便车问题,如果政府确信，总利益大于总成本，它就可以提供公共物品。,政府提供公共物品，并用税收为它支付，这样可以使每个人的状况变好。,Some Important Public Goods,一些重要公共物品,National Defense,国防,Basic Research,基础研究,Programs to Fight Poverty,反贫困项目,Are Lighthouses Public Goods?,灯塔是公共物品吗？,The Difficult Job of,Cost-Benefit Analysis,Cost benefit analysis,refers to a study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public good.,In order to decide whether to provide a public good or not,the total benefits of all those who use the good must be compared to the costs of providing and maintaining the public good.,成本 收益分析是一个难题,成本收益分析,是比较提供一种物品对整个社会带来的总收益和总成本的研究。,为了决定是否提供某种公共物品，必须将使用该公共物品的所有人得到的总利益与提供并维护该项公共物品的总成本进行比较。,The Difficult Job of,Cost-Benefit Analysis,A,cost-benefit analysis,would be used to estimate the total costs and benefits of the project to society as a whole.,It is difficult to do because of the absence of prices needed to estimate social benefits and resource costs.,The value of life,the consumers time,and aesthetics are difficult to assess.,成本 收益分析是一个难题,成本收益分析,用来评估一个项目给整个社会能带来的收益和资源成本。,由于缺乏用来评估社会收益和资源成本的市场价格，所以成本收益分析是一项艰难的工作。,生命、时间和艺术的价值很难评估。,Common Resources,共有资源,Common resources,like public goods,are not excludable.They are available free of charge to anyone who wishes to use them.,共有资源,与公共物品一样没有排他性。想使用共有资源的任何一个人都可以免费使用。,Common Resources,共有资源,Com
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