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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,Unit 4,繁复与简短,Complex vs.Simplex,Pre-class Questions:,1,、英语的繁复(,complex,)在句式结构上有何特征?汉语的简短(,simplex,)在句式结构上有何特征?,2,、英语句式特征与汉语句式特征有怎样的差异?,从属结构(,subordination,),是现代英语最重要的特点之一。,Crews,认为,,“subordination,the placing of certain elements in modifying roles,is a fundamental principle of writing.”,现代英语虽不大常用特长的句子,但,包孕式复合句(,complex sentences with embedded clauses,),仍很常见,因而句子仍然具有一定的长度。,汉语常用散句、松句、紧缩句、省略句、流水句或并列形式的复句,(,composite sentences,),,以中短句居多,最佳长度为,7,至,12,字,书面语虽也用长句,字数较多,结构较复杂,但常用标点把句子切开,与英语相比,还属短句。,英语句式的特点,英语句子呈,句首封闭、句尾开放。,定语修饰语可以后置,又有关系词与被修饰语连接,句子可以不断向句尾扩展、延伸。,英语常用先行词“,it,”及其他预指性代词,把真正的主语或宾语移到后面,并根据需要加以不断扩充,形成句子的,末端重量(,end-weight,),。,英语以,主谓核心协调(,S-V concord,),控制全句结构,有词的形态变化约束,用连接手段连接词语和从句,用代词使词语前呼后应,这些因素都可以使冗长的句子不致流散。,换言之,英语造句主要采用,“楼房建筑法”(,architecture style,),,句子一般有完整的结构,许多有关的成分通过各种表示关系和连接的手段组成,关系词结集(,conjunctive-nexus,),,直接或间接地粘附在这个句子结构的里外、前后、左右或中间,整个句子成了庞大复杂的“建筑物”。,汉语句式的特点,汉语没有字的形态变化,少用甚至不用关联词,词语之间的语法关系主要是通过,安排词序和使用助词,来表达的,词的先后次序一般是,按照时间顺序和逻辑关系,来排列。,换言之,汉语造句主要采用,“流水记事法”(,chronicle style,),,常用分句或流水句来,逐层叙述思维的各个过程(,streamline the thoughts,),。这些特点,大大限制了汉语单句的长度。,此外,汉语定语修饰语一般前置,一个词所能承受的修饰语是很有限的。一个词若有两个以上稍长的修饰语,就显得“负荷过重”了。,汉语句子呈,句首开放、句尾收缩,,句子不能象英语那样层层环扣、向后不断扩展延伸。,王力指出,“,西洋人做文章把语言,化零为整,,中国人做文章几乎可以说是,化整为零,。”,根据上述的英汉特点,英译汉时常常要破句重组,化繁为简,如:,Gentlemen,I am ashamed,to see men embarked on so great and glorious an undertaking,as that of robbing the public,so foolishly and weakly dissenting among themselves.,(,Fielding:,Jonathan Wild,),译文:,有些人正在干着一番光荣而伟大的事业,那就是掠夺大众,,,在自己人中间,愚蠢而又无力地争论着。,诸位先生,,看到这些,,我真觉得丢脸。,分析:,英语组句时,表示时间、因果、假设等复合句主句与从句顺序较灵活,且常常将陈述事理前提的从句后置。对于“事实与评介”的句式,则一般是先拿出言说者的感受、态度或评价,再陈述事理。,汉语主从复句中,一般习惯按事物发展的时间顺序铺陈,因与果、假设与推论等前后推演连缀。对于“事实与评介”的句式,一般也是先陈述事理,再表示言说者的感受、态度或评价。换言之,汉语句子的事理重心部分往往在句首。,翻译重点:,根据各自表达习惯对主句与从句的顺序调整。,试译下列例句:,例,1,:,Where it is dry so much of the time that few plants can live,the destructive waters have their own way when the occasional rains come.,(,地点,/,时间状从,),在长期干旱以致植物稀少的地方,偶尔降雨便会泛滥,造成灾害。,分析:,where,引导的地点状语保留不变,,when,引导的时间状语按汉语习惯前置。,例,2,:,Water doesnt boil,despite temperature reaching up to 400,because it is under terrific pressure.,因为处于高压之下,水仍没有沸腾,除非温度高达,400,。,分析:,原因状语前置。,例,3,:,I am compelled to give up sports since the examination is around the corner.,考试迫在眉睫,我不得不放弃体育运动。,我不得不放弃体育运动,因为考试迫在眉睫。,(Which do you like better?),英汉翻译句式转换要点,英语注重形合,句子结构可以借助各种连接手段加以扩展和组合,形成纷繁复杂的长句;汉语注重意合,少用甚至不用连接词语,因而语段结构流散,但语意层次分明。,英语长句的汉译常常要采用分解、拆散和重组的变通手段进行灵活处理,。,试译下文:,It is perfectly possible to organize the life of our colleges in such a way that students and teachers alike will take part in it;in such a way that a perfectly natural daily intercourse will be established between them and it is only by such an organization that they can be given real vitality as places of serious training,be made communities in which youngsters will come fully to realize how interesting intellectual work is,how vital,how important,how closely associated with all modern achievement only by such an organization that study can be made to seem part of life itself.,完全有可能把我们的大学生活组织得使学生和教师都参与其中,使师生间产生完全自然的日常交流,;,只有通过这样的组织,才能使大学这种严格地培养人的地方真正充满朝气,才能使他们成为共同生活的团体,年轻人在其中会充分认识到脑力劳动是多么有趣味,多么充满活力,多么重要,并且与一切现代成就有着多么紧密的联系,只有通过这样的组织,才能使学习成为生活的一部分。,(,徐越庭,/,译,),汉英翻译句式转换要点,汉语的分句或流水句,译成英语时,常常要化简为繁,组合成复句或长句,如:,1,、,老栓正在专心走路,忽然吃了一惊,远远地看见一条丁字街,明明白白横着。他便退了几步,寻找一家关着门的铺子,蹩进檐下,靠门立住了。,(,鲁迅:药,),Absorbed in his walking,,,Old,Shuan,was startled when he saw the cross road lying distinctly ahead of him,He walked back a few steps to stand under the eaves of a shop in front of its closed door,2,、我原来计划今年一月访问中国,后来不得不推迟,这使我感到很扫兴。,It was a keen disappointment that I had to postpone the visit which I had intended to pay to China in January.,试比较:,I had intended to pay a visit to China in January,but I had to postpone it,which disappointed me keenly.,分析:,译文,1,用,it,作形式主语,整个句子一气呵成而且主次分明。译文,2,平铺直叙,重点不突出,但可用于时间紧张的口译中。,3,、她问起我的小说,我说讲的都是发生在上海这个后殖民花园里的混乱而真实的故事。,She asked about my fiction,and what I wrote about is all that chaotic but real stories,happening in the Garden with post-colonial style in Shanghai.,分析:,此句汉语中的中心词,“,故事,”,前有一系列定语,英译时作了灵活处理,把较短的定语放在中心词前,而把含有状语意义的定语处理为英语里的现在分词表伴随,符合英语读者的逻辑思维。,繁或简,与文体很有关系,英汉皆然。一般说来,长句严密、周详、精确、细致,宜于阐述复杂的观点,抒发细腻的感情,描述具体的细节,常见于书面语,尤其是政论文、科技论文、公文或小说里的叙述与描写。短句简洁、明快、活泼、有力,宜于叙述事物,说明情况,抒发感情,对比强调,常见于口语,尤其是日常会话、辩论、演讲、台词、杂文、广播稿、儿童文学或小说里的人物对话。英汉互译时应注意繁简句式与文体的这种关系。,翻译练习,I was up the next morning before the October sunrise,and away through the wild and the woodland.The rising of the sun was noble in the cold and warmth of it;peeping down the spread of light,he raised his shoulder heavily over the edge of gray mountain and wavering length of upland.Beneath his gaze the dew-fogs dipped and crept to the hollow places,then stole away the line and column,holding skirts and clinging subtly at the sheltering corners where rock hung over grass-land,while the brave lines of hills came forth,one beyond other gliding.,第二天凌晨,在十月的太阳升起之前,我已经动身,并穿过旷野和丛林。十月的清晨乍暖还寒,日出的景象是很壮观的。透过一片晨曦,朝日从朦胧的山岗和起伏连绵的高低边际,沉重地抬起肩头。在它的逼视下,蒙蒙的雾气向下沉降,落到洼地里去,接着化成一丝丝一缕缕,悄然离去
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