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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。,2010 ESC,指南重要更新,关于非瓣膜病房颤血栓栓塞危险分层,继续沿用了,CHADS2,评分,提出了新的,CHA2DS2-VASc,评分,提出了主要危险因素和临床相关的非主要危险因素的概念,CHA2DS2-VASc,评分主要用于补充,CHADS2,评分中,1,分(中危)的分层,2010 ESC指南重要更新关于非瓣膜病房颤血栓栓塞危险分,危险因素,评分,充血性心衰,/,左室功能不全,1,高血压,1,年龄,75,岁,2,糖尿病,1,卒中,/TIA/,血栓栓塞,2,血管疾病,1,年龄,65,74,岁,1,性别(女性),1,总分,9,2010 ESC,指南重要更新,血栓风险评分,更新,CHA,2,DS,2,-VASc评分,新增,原,CHADS,2,评分标准为,1,分,总分从,CHADS,2,中,6,分增加到,9,分,危险因素评分充血性心衰/左室功能不全1高血压1年龄75岁2,CHA,2,DS,2,VAS,C,积分与中风相关性,%/year,CHA,2,DS,2,-VASc,0-1,634,2,3408,3,5365,4,4378,5,2566,6,1185,7,451,8-9,125,No of patients,Stroke and systemic embolism,0,1,2,3,4,5,6,Singer DE,et al.:Ann Intern Med.151,297-305,2009,CHA2DS2VASC积分与中风相关性%/yearCHA2D,CHA,2,DS,2,-VASc,积分与出血发生率,Major(including intracranial)bleeding,CHA,2,DS,2,-VASc,0-1,634,2,3408,3,5365,4,4378,5,2566,6,1185,7,451,8-9,125,No of patients,0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,%/year,Major,Intracranial,Singer DE,et al.:Ann Intern Med.151,297-305,2009,CHA2DS2-VASc 积分与出血发生率Major(in,一项主要危险因素,或多于两项非主要危险因素,口服抗凝药,(,华法林,),评分,2,评分,=1,一项非主要危险因素,口服抗凝药,或阿司匹林,.,推荐,:,口服抗凝药,.,评分,=0,没有危险因素,阿司匹林或不抗凝,.,推荐,:,不抗凝,IB,IA,IB,IA,IIaB,IIaB,2010 ESC,指南重要更新,确定了基于CHA,2,DS,2,-VASc评分系统的抗凝策略,一项主要危险因素评分 2评分=1一项非主要危险因素评分,目前主要抗凝药物及作用途径,目前主要抗凝药物及作用途径,华法林有效预防血栓栓塞并发症,0,2,4,6,8,AFASAK,58%7,81,SPAF,67%27,85,BAATAF,86%51,96,CAFA,42%-,68,80,SPINAF,79%52,90,TOTAL,68%5079,Stroke Incidence(%),p 0.03,p 0.01,p 0.2,p 0.002,p 0.001,Controls,Warfarin,华法林有效预防血栓栓塞并发症02468AFASAKSPAFB,华法林应用局限性,服药后起效和停药后消失的速度都很慢,个体药物剂量反应差异大,易与多种食物和药物发生相互作用,治疗窗窄,有出血危险性(,1-3%/,每年),由于,INR,监测“不方便”,服用率低(,50-60%,国外),华法林应用局限性服药后起效和停药后消失的速度都很慢,INR,记录卡:提示,INR,波动大,INR记录卡:提示INR波动大,理想的抗凝药物?,有效预防血栓栓塞事件,出血风险低,固定剂量,口服生物利用度好,不需常规监测,可逆性,快速起效,与食物和药物相互作用少,药物过量时有对抗药物,理想的抗凝药物?有效预防血栓栓塞事件,目前主要抗凝药物及作用途径,目前主要抗凝药物及作用途径,目前主要新型抗凝药物及相关,期临床试验,药物,作用,途径,期临床试验,对照组,研究,设计,研究,例数,研究进展,Dabiga-tran,凝血酶,抑制剂,RELY,Warfarin,Non-inferiority,18500,完成,Apixa-ban,Xa,因子拮抗剂,AVERROES,ARISTOTLE,Aspirin,Warfarin,Superiority,Non-inferiority,5600,18000,完成,Rivaro-xaban,Xa,因子拮抗剂,ROCKE-AF,Warfarin,Non-inferiority,14269,完成,Edoxa-ban,Xa,因子拮抗剂,ENGAGE,Warfarin,Non-inferiority,16500,进行中,目前主要新型抗凝药物及相关期临床试验药物作用期临床试验对,达比加群,(,Dabigatran,),前体药物,(,达比加群酯,),,在体内转化为具有直接抗凝血活性的达比加群,生物利用率为,6.5%,,半衰期为,12-17,小时,经肾脏排泄率为,80%,临床应用中不需要严密的剂量监控,虽然活化部分凝血酶原时间不宜用于精确量化达比加群的血浆浓度,但在紧急状况可用于判断是否抗凝过度,达比加群(Dabigatran)前体药物(达比加群酯),在体,RE-LY:A Non-inferiority Trial,Atrial fibrillation,1 Risk Factor,Absence of contra-indications,951 centers in 44 countries,R,Warfarin,adjusted,(INR 2.0-3.0),N=6000,Dabigatran Etexilate,110 mg BID,N=6000,Dabigatran,Etexilate,150 mg BID,N=6000,Blinded Event Adjudication.,Open,Blinded,RE-LY:A Non-inferiority Trial,Baseline Characteristics,Characteristic,Dabigatran 110 mg,Dabigatran 150 mg,Warfarin,Randomized,6015,6076,6022,Mean age(years),71.4,71.5,71.6,Male(%),64.3,63.2,63.3,CHADS2 score(mean),0-1 (%),2 (%),3+(%),2.1,32.6,34.7,32.7,2.2,32.2,35.2,32.6,2.1,30.9,37.0,32.1,Prior stroke/TIA(%),19.9,20.3,19.8,Prior MI(%),16.8,16.9,16.1,CHF(%),32.2,31.8,31.9,Baseline ASA(%),40.0,38.7,40.6,Warfarin Nave(%),49.9,49.8,51.4,Baseline CharacteristicsCharac,Stroke or Systemic Embolism,Warfarin better,Dabigatran better,Stroke or Systemic EmbolismWar,Ischemic/Unspecified Stroke,D 110 mg vs.Warfarin,D 150 mg vs.Warfarin,RR =1.11,95%CI =0.89-1.40,P =0.35,RR =0.76,95%CI =0.60-0.98,P =0.03,Years of Follow-up,Cumulative Hazard Rates,0.0,0.02,0.04,0.06,0.08,0,0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5,Dabigatran110,Dabigatran150,Warfarin,Ischemic/Unspecified StrokeD 1,Hemorrhagic Stroke,D 110 mg vs.Warfarin,D 150 mg vs.Warfarin,RR =0.31,95%CI =0.17-0.56,P 0.001,RR =0.26,95%CI =0.14-0.49,P 5%of any group,Dabigatran 110 mg,%,Dabigatran 150 mg,%,Warfarin,%,Dyspepsia*,11.8,11.3,5.8,Dyspnea,9.3,9.5,9.7,Dizziness,8.1,8.3,9.4,Peripheral edema,7.9,7.9,7.8,Fatigue,6.6,6.6,6.2,Cough,5.7,5.7,6.0,Chest pain,5.2,6.2,5.9,Arthralgia,4.5,5.5,5.7,Back pain,5.3,5.2,5.6,Nasopharyngitis,5.6,5.4,5.6,Diarrhea,6.3,6.5,5.7,Atrial fibrillation,5.5,5.9,5.8,Urinary tract infection,4.5,4.8,5.6,Upper respiratory tract infection,4.8,4.7,5.2,Common Adverse Events,*Occurred more commonly on dabigatran p5,指南对达比加群的推荐,ACCF 2011,指南,建议具有卒中或系统性栓塞危险因素的房颤患者,且未植入人工心脏瓣膜或无影响血流动力学的瓣膜病,无严重肾功能不全(肌酐清除率,15mL/min,)或严重肝脏疾病(影响基线状态的凝血功能),达比加群可以做为华法林的替代治疗预防卒中和系统性栓塞(,I,,,B,)。,服用华法林,INR,控制良好的患者换用达比加群受益有限,达比加群组发生心力衰竭的比例高于华法林组,(0.7%vs 0.5%,,,P=0.048),有统计学意义,而比较低剂量组(,P=0.07,)则无统计学意义,。,因此,在心力衰竭病人应慎用,指南对达比加群的推荐ACCF 2011指南,ESC 2010,指南,达比加群的两种剂型被批准用于房颤患者脑卒中的预防,需考虑卒中和出血的危险分层,如果需应用口服抗凝药,达比加群可考虑做为华法林的替代治疗,(,1,)如果患者出血危险低,鉴于达比加群,150mg,日两次预防卒中和系统性栓塞的有效性高,可考虑应用,(,2,)如果患者出血风险高,鉴于达比加群,110mg,日两次预防血栓栓塞事件同样有效而颅内出血和严重出血发生率较低,对于只有一项临床相关非主要的卒中危险因素,可考虑应用达比加群,110mg,日两次,ESC 2010指南,利伐沙班(,Rivaroxaban,),利伐沙班的生物利用度为,80%,血浆半衰期,7-11,小时,2/3,经肝脏代谢,,1/3,经肾脏排泄,利伐沙班(Rivaroxaban)利伐沙班的生物利用度为80,房颤新型抗凝药物临床应用和评价培训课件,主要疗效终点,:,脑卒中或非中枢神经性的全身栓塞,主要安全性终点,:,大出血或临床相关非大出血事件,房颤患者,随机双盲,/,双模拟,(n 14,000),依据标准治疗指南,每月进行监测,利伐沙班,
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