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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,How plastic waste is affecting,wildlife and fisheries,The main waste in the ocean is the Plastic debris.,About 80 percent of marine debris is plastic.,Every year,a huge number of seabirds,turtles,and fisheries died of eating plastic debris by mistake.,1,Human actions that polluted the pacific ocean,?,Merchant ships expel,cargo,sewage,used medical equipment,and,other types of waste,that contain,plastic,into the ocean.,?,Naval and research vessels eject,waste and military equipment,that,are deemed unnecessary.,?,Pleasure crafts,release,fishing gear and other types of waste,either,accidentally or through negligent handling.,?,The largest ocean-based source of plastic pollution is discarded,fishing gear(including traps and nets),estimated to be up to,90%,of,plastic debris in some areas.,（,Hammer,J;Kraak,MH;,Parsons&JR,2012,）,2,The organism that is being affected,?,Seabirds,?,Whales,?,Fisheries,?,Seals,?,Sea lions,?,Sea turtle,?,Dolphins,3,Aquatic wildlife can be,threatened by,.,Obviously,this sea turtle,was scarred.After this,picture was taken,maybe,it would die soon.As we,can imagine,there are still,thousands of sea turtles,under the threaten of,plastic debris.If no one,helps them,they are just,dying lonely,scared,and,desperated.,4,This picture tells us a sad,story about this turtle:it,was trapped accidentally,when it was young.As it,grew bigger and bigger,the rubber band limited it.,As a result,its body was,deformed.,5,Convincing data(on Pacific Ocean),?,In a 2008 Pacific Gyre voyage,Algalita Marine Research,Foundation researchers,began finding that fish are eating plastic,fragments and waste.Of the 672 fish caught during that voyage,35%had ate plastic pieces.,Click to see more details,?,The,North Pacific Gyre,for example,has collected the so-called,“,Great Pacific Garbage Patch,”,which is now estimated to be one,to twenty times the size of Texas(approximately from 700,000 to,15,000,000 square kilometers).In samples taken in 1999,the mass,of plastic exceeded that of zooplankton(the dominant animal life,in the area)by a factor of six.(Weisman&Alan,，,2007).,Click to see,more details,6,Effects on wildlife&fisheries,(how have the plastic debris affected them),1.Entanglement,?,Entanglement is responsible for many different kinds of,wildlife.Such as seals,fish,turtles,and birds.,?,These animals get caught in the debris and end,up,suffocating,or,drowning.,?,They dont have hands like us to untangle themselves,as a,result,（,Hammer,J;Kraak,MH;Parsons&JR,they die from their inability to escape their predators.,2012).,8,Effects on wildlife&fisheries,(how have the plastic debris affected them),2.Ingestion,Sea animals,?,Turtles,sometimes mistake plastic bags for jellyfish.,?,“This plastic debris can kill the sea turtle by obstructing,the,esophagus.”(Gregory&M.R.14 June 2009),?,So too are,whales,;large amounts of plastics have been found in,the stomachs of,beached whales.,?,Truth:,In June 2018,more than 80 plastic bags were found inside,a dying,pilot whale,that washed up on the shores of,Thailand.(,Whale dies from eating more than 80 plastic bags,.,The,Guardian,.June 2,2018.Retrieved,June 17,2018.),9,A heart-broken photo,10,An exhibit at the,Mote,Marine Laboratory,that,displays plastic bags in,the ocean that look,similar to,jellyfish.,11,Effects on wildlife&fisheries,(how have the plastic debris affected them),2.Ingestion,Birds,?,Seabirds often mistake trash floating on the oceans surface as prey.,?,Even worse,marine plastic pollution can reach birds that have never,been at the sea.,Parents may accidentally feed their nestlings plastic,mistaking it for food.,(,Rodrguez,A;et al.,),?,Seabird chicks are the most vulnerable to plastic ingestion since they,cant vomit up their food like the adult seabirds.,(Derraik,J.G.B.,，,2002),12,The,biodiversity of the“,Great,Pacific,Garbage Patch”is,decreasing,14,Reasons:,1.,Fauna&Flora International(FFI)has already confirmed that plastic debris will pose a,growing threat to Marine biodiversity and marine food chain in 2010.,2.,There will be more,plastic,than fish in the ocean,by 2050,warned the,Ellen MacArthur,Foundation,in a,report,published Tuesday.(There Will Be More Plastic Than Fish in the,Ocean by 2050,January 19,2016),3.,Scientists said that whales such as whale sharks are endangered.Currently,the whale,shark has been listed on the world union for conservation of nature(IUCN)red list of,endangered species ver3.1 vulnerable(VU),in 2005,and is also listed in CITES level,protection of animals under the Washington convention.,15,Efforts that human made to help those organisms,?,Every year,June 5,is observed as,World Environment Day,to raise awareness and,increase government action on the pressing issue.In 2018,India is the host to this,years World Environment Day and the theme is Beat Plastic Pollution with focus on,single-use or disposable plastic.,?,On 11 April 2013 in order to create awareness,artist,Maria Cristina Finucci,founded,The,Garb
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