煤烟型烟雾事件与光化学型烟雾事件发生条件的比较石油制品燃烧煤课件

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Living environment is concerned with all the factors,circumstances and conditions in the environment or surroundings of a human being which can influence the human health and well-being.,The environment provides man with the essential life support systems;but it also presents him with a variety of hazards which may prejudice his health.,Living environmental conditions include air,water,soil,food and shelter.,Living environment is concern,Constituent of Environment,Constituent of Environment,Section 1 air sanitation,Section 2 water,sanitation,Section 3 geological environment and soil,Section 1 air sanitation,Section 1,air sanitation,Section 1 air sanitation,1.Air,No element of the natural world is more essential to life than air,.,The chemical and physical characters are obviously related to the human health and desease.,1.Air No element of the natura,Atmospheric sphere,Definition,：,the air layer which surround the surface of earth and circumrotate with earth.,The thick is around 2000km,3000km.(,no evident upper bound,）,Character:,physics and chemistry of atmospheric sphere is change with,height.,Atmospheric sphereDefinition：t,There are three delamination methods of air vertical structure.,according to the vertical change of air temperature,troposphere,stratosphere,intermediun layer,hot layer,exosphere,There are three delamination m,According to air ionized condition,ionosphere,nonionosphere,According to chemical composition,homosphere,nonhomosphere,According to air ionized condi,troposphere,stratosphere,Ozone layer,25 35km, 20km,umbrella of earth,Upright structure of atmospheric sphere,mesphere,thermosphere,tropospherestratosphereOzone l,stratosphere,：,including of ozone layer,(the air temperature inversion),troposphere,：,including of air,water vapour,fume,micro-organism.,(the air temperature decrease progressively ),1. Nearness earth,2. The temperature is change,3. Upright and horizontal,move,4. Mostly climate changes,happen in this layer,5.Contain mostly pollutants,stratosphere：including of ozon,There is a intimate relationship between the troposphere and the mankind.,The pollutants concentrate mainly in the troposphere.,The air pollutions often happen in this layer.,Peoples living condition will be importantly effected by the troposphere,especially the range near to the ground.,There is a intimate relationsh,(1) chemical composition,Pure air is colorless, odorless, and tasteless.,(,mixing gas,),Air is mainly composed of nitrogen,oxygen,argon. (99.96%),Some water vapor,，,(below 4%),Free radical,（,source,：,ptotochemical reation of ozone,）,(1) chemical compositionPure a,Constant composition,：,nitrogen,oxygen,orgen,noble gas(Ne,He,etc),Changeable composition,：,CO,2,and water vapor,unconstant composition,：,1.dust,hydrogen sulfide (H,2,S),nitrogen oxide(NO,X,),foul gas produced by volcanic eruption,earthquake and so on.,2.coom,power dust, nitrogen oxide(NO,X,) produced by human activities,Constant composition： ni,Including of,solar radiation,air ionization,and,meteorologic factor,which are closed to human health.,(2)Physical state,Including of solar radiation,a,pigmentation,黑色素沉着作用,Erythema effect,红斑作用,Anti-rachitic effect,抗佝偻病作用,Germicidal effect,杀菌作用,Heat effect,Ultraviolet,UV-A（,320400 nm),UV-B（,275320 nm),UV-C（,200275 nm),Infrared lay（,76030000 nm),Visible light（40,0760 nm),solar radiation,help to form sense of sight,pigmentation黑色素沉着作用Ultraviolet,The adequate solar radiation could prevent people from eyes fatigue and near sight.,People is easy to get tired because of the weak light.,The adequate solar radiation c,Light ion,：,neutral gas element sticking to ion,10-15 molecule,Heavy ion,：,light ion binding with dust and smog.,air ionization,Positive ion,Negative ion,(beneficial),Light ion：neutral gas element,hygienic assessment of air ion,Quantity of air ion,：,negative ion,，,cleaning degree,Heavy ion / light ion,50 : air is muddy,hygienic assessment,air temperature,humidity,air current,air pressure,Meteorologic factor can adjust many physiologic function. (cold and thermal sensation,body heat regulation,nervous system funtion,immune function,etc),Meteorologic factor make a important role in the diffusion process of air pollutants,。,meteorologic factor,air temperature,humidity,air c,The quality of the air we breathe can have a significant impact on our quality of life.,The Industrial Revolution in Europe in the 19th century saw the beginning of air pollution as we know it today, which has gradually become a global problem.,2.Air pollution,The quality of the air we brea,Air pollution is aggravated because of four developments: increasing traffic, growing cities, rapid economic development, and industrialization.,Many countries have a serious air pollution problem.,Air pollution is aggravated be,Definition,由于人类活动或自然过程，使得排放到大气中物质的,浓度,及持续,时间,足以对人的舒适感、健康，对设施或环境产生不利影响时，称,大气污染,Definition,1. Natural sources,2. Man-made sources,Industrial pollution,Living pollution,Traffic transportation,Sources of air pollutants,1. Natural sourcesSources of a,Natural sources,Probably the most important natural source of air pollution is,volcanic activity(,火山爆发,),which at times pours great amounts of ash and toxic fumes into the atmosphere.,Dust storms in desert areas and smoke from forest fires and grass fires contribute to chemical and particulate pollution of the air.,Natural sourcesProbably the mo,Industry and enterprise may be chiefly responsible to the air pollution.,1.Combustion of fuel,（,coal & oil,）,2.,Emission from working process,（,native material & finished product,）,Man-made sources -1,Industrial pollution,Industry and enterprise may b,The following industries are among those that emit a great deal of pollutants into the air:,thermal power plants, cement, steel, refineries, petro chemicals, and mines.,The following industries are a,Living pollution,Living cooking range &heating boiler,Combustion of fuel,coal,Man-made sources -2,Living pollutionLiving cooking,我国主要燃料中灰分和硫含量,我国主要燃料中灰分和硫含量,燃烧一吨煤排出的各种有害物质的重量,(kg,）,有害物质 电厂锅炉工业锅炉 取暖锅炉,SO,2,60 60 60,CO 0.23 1.4 22.7,NO,2,9.1 9.1 3.6,HC 0.1 0.5 5,Dust,一般燃烧,11 11 11,燃烧良好时,3 6 9,燃烧一吨煤排出的各种有害物质的重量(kg）,Traffic transportation,result from the combustion of mobile vehicle fuel,Mobile pollution source(,流动污染源,),the pollution range is related to its race.,Man-made sources -3,Traffic transportationresult f,汽 车 排 气,一氧化碳,100%,碳氢化合物,60%,氮氧化物,100%,从曲轴箱漏出的气体,碳氢化合物,20%,从油箱和汽化器中挥发的汽油,碳氢化合物,20%,汽 车 排 气从曲轴箱漏出的气体从油箱和汽化器中挥发的汽油,机动车尾气污染物占大城市空气污染物,的比例（,%,）,机动车尾气污染物占大城市空气污染物,Air pollution can affect our health in many ways.,Different groups of individuals are affected by air pollution in different ways.,The extent to which an individual is harmed by air pollution usually depends on the total exposure to the damaging chemicals, i.e., the duration of exposure,and the concentration of the chemicals,must be taken into account.,How can air pollution hurt our health?,Air pollution can affect our h,ingressive pathway of air pollutant,Respiratory passage(major),Digestive tube,Skin,A small quantity,How can air pollutants intrude into our body?,ingressive pathway of air poll,The effects of air pollution on human health,Direct harm,Indirect harm,The effects of air pollution o,Acute poisoning,Chronic and long-term effect,direct,health hazard of air pollution,Acute poisoning direct h,(,一,) Acute poisoning,The concentration of pollutants rapidly increase in short-term,，,a lot of pollutants (fume, exhaust gas) have been absorbed by population induced acute poisoning.,(一) Acute poisoning,Examples of acute,effects,include irritation to the eyes, nose and throat, and upper respiratory infections such as bronchitis and pneumonia.,Other symptoms can include headaches, nausea, and allergic reactions.,Short-term air pollution can aggravate the medical conditions of individuals with asthma and emphysema.,Examples of acute effects incl,Smog episode,productive accident,Coal smog(,London,),Photochemical smog(,losangeles,),Major type,Smog episodeCoal smog(London)M,Productive accident,Toxic gas leakage accident in Bphopal, india,（印度博帕尔毒气泄漏事件，异氰酸甲酯 ）,Explosion of unclear power plant in USSR,（前苏联切尔诺贝利核电站爆炸事件）,Special disasters: fire, explosion of volcano, leak of gas, the use of chemical weapon.,Productive accidentToxic gas l,Smog incident,Coal smog incident:,Physical: primary pollutants,Photochemical smog incident:,Chemical: secondary pollutants,Smog incidentCoal smog inciden,Coal smog incident,SO,2,+ fluoride,SO,2,+ metal dust,Coal smog incidentSO2 + fluori,煤烟型烟雾事件与光化学型烟雾事件发生条件的比较石油制品燃烧煤课件,The major pollutant of,London smog incident,sulfur dioxide and fog (created by burning coal and heavy oil that contain sulfur impurities in power plants, industrial plants, etc. ),The major pollutant of London,Photochemical smog incident,Definition:,Nitrogen oxides,from motor vehicle exhaust gas and,hydrocarbons,from industry process emission are converted to ozone and other photochemical species form,light blue smog,through photochemical reaction under sunlight ultraviolet ray.,Los Angeles photochemical smog incident,: The first time of this phenomena was occurred in Los angles (1943).,Photochemical smog incidentDef,Pollutant:,nitrogen oxides +,hydrocarbons,Photochemical reaction,Los Angeles photochemical smog incident,Pollutant: nitrogen oxides +,Graph of photochemical reaction,10%,Over 85%,SO,2,-SO,3,- H,2,SO,4,Graph of photochemical reactio,Smog incident,Coal smog incident:,Physical: primary pollutants,London smog incident,Photochemical smog incident:,Chemical: secondary pollutants,Los Angeles photochemical smog incident,Smog incident,煤烟型烟雾事件与光化学型烟雾事件发生条件的比较,煤烟型烟雾事件与光化学型烟雾事件发生条件的比较,Chronic and long-term effect,Inflammation caused by long-term stimulation,Cardiovascular disease,Chronic Chemical poisoning,Allergic reation,Carcinogenic action,Non-special damage (descend of immune function),Chronic and long-term effectIn,(,二,) chronic harm,Caused inflammation by long-term irritation:,(1) COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, including chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, and emphysema,(2) the morbidity and mortality is higher,2. Accelerate aging of the lung:,air pollution is stronger than smoke in the lung damage,3. Cardiovascular disease:,(1) lung disease can decrease pulmonary function and increase pulmonic pressure, caused pneumocardial disease,(2) hemoglobins affinity for O,2,decrease, oxygen-carrying capacity, caused hypoxia, increase heart motion, caused penumocardial disease,(二) chronic harm,空气污染与居民眼结膜炎检出率,三 明 鞍 山 沈 阳 平顶山,对照 重污染 轻污染 重污染 轻污染 严重污染 对照 污染,7.2 43.2 3.3 18.7 3.2 7.3 0.4 10.6,空气污染与居民眼结膜炎检出率,4. Decreased immunological function:,(1) Immunological function decrease is a early index.,(2) Various in different age populations.,(3) Child is most susceptivity and sentitivity,5. Allergy:,(1) Allergen exist in air including dust etc.,(2) Some pollutants such as,SO,2,formaldehyde, petroleum product,4. Decreased immunological fun,Effect of air pollution on immunological competence in children,Effect of air pollution on imm,(,三,) long-term effect,Chronic poisoning:,metal, such as Pb, Cd, Cr, As,F, and Hg.,2. Carcinogenesis:,(1),exist carcinogen, such as arsenic, benzo(a)pyrene,(2) air pollution associated with morbidity and mortality from lung cancer,.,(三) long-term effectChronic p,Indirect harm,of air pollution on health,Indirect harm,Acid rain,Greenhouse effect,Ozone depletion,Climatic changes,indirect,health hazards of air pollution,Acid rainindirect health hazar,Acid rain,When a pollutant, such as sulfuric acid combines with droplets of water in the air, the water (or snow) can become,acidified,.,The effects of acid rain on the environment can be very serious. It damages plants by destroying their leaves, it poisons the soil, and it changes the chemistry of lakes and streams.,Acid rainWhen a pollutant, suc,Greenhouse effect,The Greenhouse Effect, also referred to as global warming, is generally believed to come from the build up of carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere.,This buildup acts like a blanket and,traps heat,close to the surface of our earth.,Carbon dioxide,is produced when fuels are burned.,The amount of carbon dioxide in the air is continuing to increase.,Greenhouse effectThe Greenhous,Changes of even a few degrees will affect us all through changes in the climate and even the possibility that the polar ice caps may melt. (One of the consequences of polar ice cap melting would be a rise in global sea level, resulting in widespread coastal flooding.),Changes of even a few degrees,Ozone depletion,Ozone depletion,is another result of pollution. Chemicals released by our activities affect the,stratosphere, one of the atmospheric layers surrounding earth.,The ozone layer in the stratosphere protects the earth from harmful,ultraviolet radiation,from the sun.,Ozone depletionOzone depletion,The health effects of major air pollutants,The health effects of major ai,Sulphur dioxide,Suspended particulate matter (SPM),Oxides of Nitrogen,Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(,多环芳烃,),Dioxins(,二,口,恶英类,),Sulphur dioxide,Sulphur dioxide (SO,2,),Sulphur dioxide (SO,2,),is a gas produced from burning coal, mainly in thermal power plants. Some industrial processes, such as production of paper and smelting of metals, produce sulphur dioxide.,It is a major contributor to smog and acid rain. Sulfur dioxide can lead to lung diseases.,Sulphur dioxide (SO2)Sulphur d,(1) SO,2,+ H,2,SO,4,:,刺激眼、鼻咽粘膜,刺激上呼吸道收缩、分泌增多；炎症、腐蚀性组织坏死；致急性支气管炎、肺水肿。,(2),SO,2,+飘尘,：,进入肺深部,FeO,3,H,2,SO,4,肺纤维病变,肺气肿,(3) SO,2,:,变态反应原，引起支气管哮喘,(4) SO,2,+B(a)P,：,促癌作用,SO,2,来源于含硫燃料（煤、石油）的燃烧。,(1) SO2+ H2SO4:SO2来源于含硫燃料（煤、石油,Nitrogen oxide (No,x,),Nitrogen oxide (No,x,),is produced from burning fuels including petrol, diesel, and coal.,Nitrogen oxide (Nox)Nitrogen o,NOx(little water-solubility),Little stimulation to eyes and upper airway,it is easy to intrude into deep airway and air sac,（,peroxidation of alveolar surfactant,，,damage the ciliated epithelial cells and alveolar cell,，,cause emphysema,wet lung, COPD,）,NOx(little water-solubility),NOx,nitrite,(,亚硝酸盐,),combine with hemoglobin(,血红蛋白,),Decrease the oxygen carrying capacity,Organiztion hypoxia,NOx nitrite(亚硝酸盐)combine wi,The pulmonary damage is obvious when the most amount of Nitrogen oxide,is NO,2,. But when the most amount of Nitrogen oxide,is NO,methemoglobinemia and the damage to the central nerve,Nitrogen oxide (No,x,),causes smog and acid rain.,The pulmonary damage is obviou,Suspended particulate matter (SPM),Suspended particulate matter (SPM),consists of solids in the air in the form of smoke, dust, and vapour that can remain suspended for extended periods and is also the main source of haze which reduces visibility.,The finer of these particles, when breathed in can lodge in our lungs and cause lung damage and respiratory problems.,Suspended particulate matter (,Health effect of SPM,：,Blockage effect to partial organization,immunotoxicity,“carrier”function,promotion,（,metal,）,Influence solar radiation,Long-term hazard,Health effect of SPM：Blockage,3.Indoor Air Pollution,3.Indoor Air Pollution,Persons spend nearly 75 percent of their life time indoors at work,at school,and at home or between these places in an automobile.They have more chances to expose to indoor air pollutants than outdoor air pollutants.,For infants, the elderly, persons with chronic diseases, and most urban residents of any age, the proportion is probably higher,so they are at greater risk.,In addition, the concentrations of many pollutants indoors exceed those outdoors.,Persons spend nearly 75 percen,The indoor environment has only recently been widely appreciated as a,major,contributor to total personsal exposure.,Indoor air pollution is now identified as one of the,most critical global,environmental problems.,Magnitude,The indoor environment has onl,Sick-Building Syndromes(SBS),This collection of ailments,defined by a set of persistent symptoms enduring at least 2 weeks,occurs in at least 20 percent of those exposed and is typically of unknown specific etiology but is relieved sometime after an affected individual leaves the offending building.,Sick-Building Syndromes(SBS)Th,Symptoms Commonly Associated with the Sick-Building Syndromes,Eyes,nose,and throat irritation,Headaches,Fatigue,Reduced attention span,Irritability,Nasal congestion,Difficulty breathing,Nosebleeds,Dry skin,Nausea,Symptoms Commonly Associated w,Sources,Indoor air pollutants may be physical,chemical or biological.,There are many sources of indoor air pollution. Tobacco smoke, cooking and heating appliances, and vapors from building materials, paints, furniture, etc.,Pollution exposure at home and work is often greater than outdoors.,Sources Indoor air pollutants,Combustion products,(2)Human activities,(tobacco smoke),(3)building and decorative materials,(4)household chemicals,(4)Pollutants from outdoor,Combustion products(2)Human a,Health Effects of the Major Indoor Air Pollutants,Fomaldehyde(,甲醛,),Volatile organic compounds (,挥发性有机化合物,),Carbon monoxide(CO),Biological factor,Health Effects of the Major In,Evaluation of indoor air quality,Carbon dioxide(0.10 %),Microbes(general bacterial polulation),Suspended particulate matter,(0.15mg/m,3,),Evaluation of indoor air quali,Section 2 Water,Section 2 Water,INTRODUCTION,Water sustains life.,60% - 75% of the adult human body is water - 82% of blood is water; 70% of the brain and 90% of the lungs are made up of waterBlood in animals and sap in plants is composed mainly of water,Life on earth probably originated in water,Water is essential for industry and agriculture.,INTRODUCTION Water sustains l,Our earth is very rich in water resources. (water is comprising over,70%,of the Earths surface.),It is limited for utilisation.(Of the worlds water ,97%,is in the ocean and,2%,in ice masses;,1%,is fresh and available for human use.),Our earth is very rich in wate,煤烟型烟雾事件与光化学型烟雾事件发生条件的比较石油制品燃烧煤课件,The demand for water has increased over the years and this has led to water scarcity in many parts of the world.,The world is heading towards a freshwater crisis due mainly due to its mismanagement. This crisis is already evident in many parts of the world,Another reason for the depletion of freshwater resources, particularly groundwater resources, is a,rapidly increasing human population,.,The demand for water has incre,Freshwater resources all over the world are threatened not only by over exploitation and poor management but also by ecological degradation.,A worlewide water shortage is,imminent,.,Water shortage and higher costs for water appear inevitable,thus,we need to,keep our surface water clean and make good use of it,.,Freshwater resources all over,water pollution is serious in china,the Chinese industry economy increases quickly, the pollution of the environment is serious more,。,Due to the increase in population there has been a rise in the demand for food, space for housing, consumer products, etc., which has in turn resulted in increased industrialization, urbanization, and demands in agriculture thereby leading to both river and groundwater,contamination,.,water pollution is serious in,1.Classification and characteristic,Fall water,Surface water,Underground water,1.Classification and character,水源 水量 水质 易受污染程度 利用的可行性,降水,小，易波动 良好 容易 大,地面水,大，易波动 一般 很容易