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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,用词,大学英语写作,用词,词的类型,名词,(Nouns),名词表示名称,用来命名人、地方、事物以及一般情况。有些表示特定名称的名词,通常被称为专有名词,需要大写。例如:,The students who graduated from,Beijing University,are invited to a reception hosted by Professor,Smith,.,北京大学的毕业生们被邀请参加由史密斯教授主持的欢迎会。名词最主要的作用是作句子的主语,(,施动者,),或宾语,(,受动者,),。例如:,The,drivers,need to have very quick,reactions,.(,主语,)(,宾语,),司机需要具备非常迅速的反应能力。,This months trading,figures,show some,improvement,.(,主语,)(,宾语,),本月的贸易统计数字表明情况有所改善。,用词,词的类型,代词,(Pronouns),代词的作用是替代名词,以避免重复。代词主要有人称代词、物主代词以及不定代词三种。人称代词 物主代词 不定代词,(,部分举例,)I,me my,mine anybody someoneYou your,yours anything anyhe,him hisanyone someshe,her,her,hers everybody fewit its everything eachwe,us our,ours everyone manythey,them their,theirs somebody all something,用词,词的类型,下面的例句中使用了三种代词:,If,anybody,wishes to volunteer his or her services as a teacher,will,he,or,she,please stand up.,任何自告奋勇想当老师的人,请起立。,Has,anyone,seen,my,textbook?,I,left,it,on,somebody,s desk.,有人看到我的教科书了吗?我把它放在某个人的桌子上了。注意,有些不定代词变所有格时要借助于所有格,(),及字母,s(,即,s),。,用词,词的类型,除三种常用代词外,还有以下三种代词:,(1),用于提问的疑问代词:,who,which,whom,whose,what,等。例如:“,What,is the color of the reference book and to,whom,does it belong?”,参考书是什么颜色的?是谁的?,(2),在先行词后引导从句的关系代词:,who,which,that,whom,whose,等。例如:,The student,who,left the new textbook on the desk,that,is located in our school is still looking for it.,将新教科书遗忘在我们学校书桌上的学生还在寻找它。,用词,词的类型,(3),指代事物的指示代词:,these,those,this,that,等。例如:,Where did you get,those,?Ive been looking for some shoes like,that,.,你在哪儿买的那双鞋子?我一直在找那样的鞋子。注:当指示代词后紧跟名词时,它可以起形容词的作用。如:,these,cars,that,house,this,theory,those,students,。,用词,词的类型,动词,(Verbs),动词是句子的中心,它使句子感人真切,富有生命力。事实上,没有动词就写不成句子,因为它在主语和宾语之间起着不可或缺的连接作用。例如:,The company is,promoting,its new products.,公司正在推销其新产品。,He was,promoted,to the manager.,他被提拔为经理。因为动词执行或接受某一行为动作,反映某一情况或事件,因此,动词是使一组词表达意思的关键。例如:,用词,词的类型,The table lamp was,knocked,over by our cat while he was,playing,with the cord.,我们家的猫在玩儿细绳时将台灯打翻了。,We should,make,major efforts to restore and,protect,forests and land,slow,down population growth,relieve,debts of the developing countries,raise,energy efficiency and,develop,renewable energy sources,such as water power and solar energy.,我们应该大力恢复保护森林和土地,减缓人口增长速度,减轻发展中国家的债务,提高能源效率,开发可再生能源,如水力、太阳能等。,用词,词的类型,形容词,(Adjectives),形容词是用来修饰,(,描述、限制、连接,),名词或代词的,回答由,which,how many,how much,和,what kind,等疑问词提出的问题。有些修饰语如冠词,a,an,the,等,回答“哪一个”这类问题。形容词通常位于名词、代词之前。例如:,The,weary,traveler,lonely,and,forlorn,approached the outskirts of the,deserted,city.,疲惫不堪、孤苦伶仃的旅行者向这座荒废的城市的边界走近。,用词,词的类型,And most of all,“Lord Williams”bought the,run-down,Gordon Arms Hotel and totally restored it,transforming it from a mess into a,glorious first-class,hotel with 30 handsomely,furnished,rooms,wood-paneled,stairs,false,bookshelves with,fake,leather books and an,outstanding,restaurant.,而最主要的,是威廉姆斯勋爵将年久失修的戈登,阿姆斯旅馆买下并完全改装,将这堆废墟变成了一座富丽堂皇的一流宾馆,内有,30,间装修华丽的房间、木质镶嵌的楼梯、摆满了人造皮革装订的书籍的书架,还有一间高级餐厅。,用词,词的类型,副词,(Adverbs),副词比形容词更灵活,可以修饰动词、形容词和其他副词,可位于句中任何位置。通常回答在哪儿,(where),、什么时候,(when),、怎样,(how),以及多少,(how much/many),等问题。副词不仅确定形容词和其他副词的确切含义,还确定动词的意义。例如:,extremely,unhappy,极其悲伤,incredibly,busy,忙得焦头烂额,Her long fingers curl,easily,around my hand and I nod my head,slowly,smiling.,她那细长的手指很轻易地就拢住了我的手,我微笑着慢慢点了点头。,用词,词的类型,副词可以根据它们的意思分为下面几类:,(1),时间副词,(2),地点副词,(3),方式副词,(4),程度副词,(5),疑问副词,(6),连接副词,(7),关系副词,(8),其他性质的副词在写作中,我们要着重掌握以下两种副词的用法。,用词,词的类型,连接副词,(Conjunctive Adverbs),英语中的疑问副词有时可用来引导从句,这时称为连接副词。在句中可引导主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句等。例如:,It was a mystery,how,she got well so soon.,她如何痊愈得这样快是一个谜。,Nobody can tell,why,he refused to come.,没人知道他为什么拒绝来。,That was,how,they overcame the difficulty.,他们就是这样克服困难的。,用词,词的类型,关系副词,(Relative Adverbs),关系副词主要有,where,when,why,等,它们都可引导定语从句。例如:,We took the picture last year,when,we were on holiday there.,这张照片是我们去年在那里休假时照的。,A library is a place,where,we can borrow books.,图书馆是我们可以借书的地方。,Is that the reason,why,you didnt take the exam?,这就是你不参加考试的理由吗?,用词,词的类型,介词,(Prepositions),介词在句中也很重要,可与名词和代词构成词组,修饰主语、谓语和宾语。下面是一些常见的介词:,at,by,for,from,in,of,on,to,with,between,over,under,through,within,等。例如:,With,dignity,on,the bed,in,his house,he died,in,silence.,躺在家里的床上,他带着尊严,安静地死去。,The driver had gone straight,through,the traffic lights and hit an oncoming car.,这名司机径直闯过交通灯,撞上了一辆迎面而来的汽车。,用词,词的类型,连词,(Conjunctions),连词是必不可少的,它用来连接相似的句子成分,使句子保持平衡和连贯。常用连词有以下几种:并列连词,相关连词,从属连词等。,用词,词的类型,1,并列连词,(Coordinate Conjunctions),并列连词是最常用的一种连词,包括:,and,but,or,nor,for,yet,和,so,等。并列连词连接语法作用相同的句子成分,如:词、词组和句子。,(1),词,:Bill,and,Frank,比尔和弗兰克,tea or,coffee,茶或咖啡,(2),词组:,on the river,and,over the hill,山那边,小河旁,(3),从句:,No one knew who he was,or,what he did.,没有人知道他是谁或者他做过些什么。,(4),主句:,The director told me the actors name,but,I have forgotten it.,导演告诉过我这位演员的名字,但是我忘记了。,用词,词的类型,2,相关连词,(Correlative Conjunctions),相关连词通常成对出现,用以保持平衡和表示强调。比较重要的相关连词有四对:,either.or,neither.nor,not only.but/but also,both.and,。例如:,She is not,only,a portrait painter but also a concert piano player.,她不但是一位肖像画家,而且是一位音乐会钢琴演奏家。,She is the kind of person you,either,love,or,hate.,她是那种叫你不是爱就是恨的人。,The equipment is,neither,accurate,nor,safe.,这种设备既不精确也不安全。,We were treated with,both
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