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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,POLYSEMY AND HOMONYMY,Chapter VI,1,A man who was involved in a serious motorcycle accident was unable to speak when he first regained consciousness.,Wishing to know how long he had been unconscious, he took a piece of paper and a pencil from the bedside and, after writing “,date,”? on it, gave it to his nurse.,She handed it back to him after she had written the word “,Married,” on it.,2,As most words are arbitrary and conventional symbols without any intrinsic connection with what they refer to, it may sometimes happen that,more than one meaning is attached to a word, or,two or more words may have the same form but be different in meaning,. The former is known as,polysemy, and the latter,homonymy,.,3,Polysemy,A lexical item has a range of different meanings,that is, one single word has two or more senses at the same time.,blanket:,羊毛毯；给,盖羊毛毯,get:,150 meanings,cut:,120 meanings,A sign of the superiority of that language.,“The more meanings a word has accumulated, the more diverse aspects of intellectual and social activity it is likely to represent.”,4,In order to express new ideas, new processes, new products, and so forth, language can do three things: form a new word, borrow a word from other languages, or add new meanings to established words. Of the three ways, the simplest one is to have old words take on additional meaning. That is why,polysemic,words of long standing are signs of an advanced culture,.,5,Two approaches,1) Diachronic approach(,历时的,),From the diachronic point of view,polysemy,is thought to be,the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of a word.,This first meaning is the,primary meaning,(,原始意义,). These later meanings are called,derived meanings,(,派生意义,).,6,An Example,Face:,12 meanings,(1)the front of the head,(2)a surface of a thing,(3)the appearance,(4)the functional surface,(5)effrontery,(6)the topography,(1) is the,primary meaning,and all the rest are derived later on from the primary meaning. All derived meanings (2-12) are related to the primary one in one way or another.,7,10/1/2024,2) synchronic approach(,共时的,),Synchronically,polysemy,is thought as,the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a historical period of time,.,The basic meaning of a word is considered to be the core of word meaning, called the central meaning (,中心意义,). The derived meanings, no matter how numerous, are secondary meanings (,次要意义,).,The interrelation or comparison between the central meaning and secondary meanings.,8,In some cases, the primary meaning (diachronically) and the central meaning (synchronically) coincide.,However, in some cases, a meaning that appeared after the original meaning can become the central meaning.,The two approaches are supplementary to each other in the analysis of a,polysemous,word.,9,Two processes,of (leading to),polysemy,radiation,concantenation,10,Radiation (,语义辐射,),Semantically, radiation is the process in which the primary or central meaning stands at the center while secondary meanings radiate from it in every direction like ray.,All the meanings are independent of one another, but can all be traced back to the central meaning.,11,head,the head of the school,six pence per head,the head of a page,to lose ones head,six head of cattle,a head of cabbage,at the head of a list,Two heads are better than one.,to discuss a question under five heads,use you head,12,Concantenation,(,连锁型,),Concatenation,“linking together”,is a semantic process in which,the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts, like the links of a chain,until there is no connection between the sense that is finally developed and the primary meaning.,A piece of timber,table,dining table,council table,board,木板餐桌会议桌董事会,13,Concatenation,describes a process where,each of the later meaning is related only to the preceding one like chains,.,12345,Radiation,describes a process where,each of the derived meanings is directly connected to the primary meaning.,14,10/1/2024,Homonymy,Greek,homonumos,(,homo,: the same,onoma,:name,),refer to two or more words, which have the same form, but differ in meaning. They are pronounced alike, or spelled alike, or both.,E.g.:,light,（光）,light,（轻的）,bark,（吠）,bark,（树皮）,tear,（眼泪）,tear,（撕）,lead,（率领）,lead,（铅）,15,Types of homonyms,Perfect/absolute homonyms,（完全同音同形异义词）,Words identical in sound and spelling but different in meaning,bear/,be,/,（熊）,bear/,be,/,（忍耐）,Dont trouble,trouble,until trouble troubles you.,Homophones,（同音异义词）,Words identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning,meet/,mi:t,/,（遇见）,mete/,mi:t,/,（边界）,meat/,mi:t,/,（肉）,Homographs(,同形异义词,),Words identical in spelling but different in sound and meaning,tear/,t,/,（眼泪）,tear/,te,/,（撕裂）,Of the three types, homophones constitute the largest number and are most common.,16,Sources of homonyms,A. Phonetic convergence:,sea/seesteal/steel,B. Semantic divergence:,When two or more meanings of the same word drift apart to such an extent that there will be no obvious connection between them,polysemy,will give place to homonymy,C. Foreign influence,D. Shortening,17,Differentiation of homonym from,polysemys,Polysemy,:,one word having several meanings that derive from,the same historical source,and,between which there is a historical or realistic relation.,In dictionary, all meanings are listed under the same single,polysemy,.,.,Homonym:,words only identical in sound or spelling or both but,having no connection in meaning,and,not deriving from,the same historical source,.,In dictionary, Homonyms are listed independently.,.,18,The Stylistic Value of,Polysemy,and Homonymy,Achieving humour, irony and heightened dramatic power,1),“waiter!”“Yes, sir.”,“Whats this?”“Its bean soup, sir”,“No matter what its been. What is it now?”,2) Why is the Middle Ages also called the Dark Ages?,Because there were so many knights.,3) Why should a man never tell his secrets in a cornfield?,Because it has so many ears.,19,（赵辛楣在追求苏小姐，他把方鸿渐视为情敌。,),赵：,方先生在外国学的是什么啊？,方（没好气）：没学什么。,苏：鸿渐，你学过哲学，是不是？,赵：从我们干实际工作的人的,眼光,看来，学哲学跟什么都不学没两样。,方：那么得赶快找个眼科医生，把,眼光,验一下；会这样看东西的眼睛，一定有毛病。,钱钟书,围城,20,
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