Oncology introduction

Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Oncology: Basic Concepts,Students Study Guide,What is ONCOLOGY?,An area/branch of medicine that deals with the study and treatment of cancer.,Onco = onkos (Greek) = tumor,-logy = study of,ONCOLOGIST = specialist in Oncology,What is CANCER?,It refers to a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells (American Cancer Society ACS).,1.They stop growing when they come in contact with each other.,2. They stay in the same organ.,Normal cell behavior,CANCER CELLS,Cancer cells keeps on dividing and growing.,They produce masses of tissue known as tumors or neoplasms.,(Uncontrolled growth),Finally, they also spread to other organs (metastasis),NEOPLASIA:,The process of abnormal and uncontrolled growth of cells,(NEOPLASTIC = adj),EXAMPLES OF CANCER,breast cancer,prostate,cancer,lung,cancer,esophageal,cancer,gastric cancer,colorectal,cancer,WHAT CAUSES CANCER?,CARCINOGEN (CARCINOGENIC - Adj),a substance or agent that causes cancer,HOW?,By causing,PERMANENT and,IRREPARABLE,(cannot be repaired),damage in the,genetic material.,GENETIC MUTATION,(mutation = change),a,CAUSES OF,CANCER,internal/,intrinsic,(host factors),external/,extrinsic,factors,1.BIOLOGIC - Viruses,(HIV Kaposis Sarcoma),2.BIOCHEMICAL,PROCESS,non-biologic,Chemical,Fd preservatives,Smoking,PHYSICAL,Radiation,1. ONCOGENES,2. DEFECTIVE,SUPPRESSOR GENES,3. Precancerous,Conditions,ONCOGENES genes that can,cause cancer,SUPPRESSOR GENES,- genes that can stop cancer,CANCER CELLS,1. May be repaired,2. Cell dies,3. Cell is killed,If not,PERMANENT,continue to grow,invade other tissues,or organs,then,TYPES OF TUMORS,Benign,Malignant (cancer or malignancy),1,1,2,2,3. have a capsule,(encapsulated),3. no capsule,(thats why they spread),4. cells are anaplastic,(immature),anaplasia has not undergone G & D,4. cells are usually,diffentiated (mature),differentiation G & D,Types of Malignant Tumors/ Cancer,CARCINOMA,CELLS THAT COVER EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL SURFACES,(EPITHELIAL CELLS),LUNG,BREAST,COLON,SARCOMA,SUPPORTING AND SOFT TISSUES OF THE BODY,BONE, CARTILAGE,MUSCLE,FAT,LYPHOMA,SOLID CANCERS OF THE TISSUES OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM,(DEFENSE SYSTEM),LYMPH NODES,(,淋巴腺,),LEUKEMIA,CANCER OF THE BLOOD CELLS,WHITE BLOOD CELLS,NAMING TUMORS,ORGAN AFFECTED,BENIGN,MALIGNANT,Add the suffix,-OMA,Depends on the classification,Secretory epithelium (gland),ADENOMA,ADENOCARCINOMA,BONE,SKELETAL MUSCLE,SMOOTH MUSCLE,OSTEOMA,RHABDOMYOMA,LEIOMYOMA,OSTEOGENIC SARCOMA,RHABDOMYOSARCOMA,LEIOMYOSARCOMA,LYMPH NODES,HODGKINS LYMPHOMA,BLOOD GRANULAR,NONGRANULAR,- MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA,- LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA,EFFECTS OF TUMORS/CANCER,EFFECTS OF BENIGN TUMOR,Compression,Obstruction,Deformity,They do not spread.,Effects are usually not fatal.,cystic hygroma,Effects Of Malignant Tumors (1),Physical effects,Compression,Obstruction,Deformity,Effects Of Malignant Tumors (2),poor nutrition,(cancer cells steal the,nutrients from the body),wasting (cachexia),gets sick easily,Effects Of Malignant Tumors (3),Damage to other organs,Different symptoms,will appear depending,on the organ affected.,hematogenous,(blood),lymphatic,(lymph nodes),Malignant tumors are usually fatal .,DETECTING TUMORS,WAYS TO DETECT,TUMORS,SIGNS AND,SYMPTOMS,LABORATORY,METHODS,Cancers Seven Warning Signals (ACS),C,Change in bowel or bladder habits,A,A sore that does not heal,U,Unusual bleeding or discharge,T,Thickening or lump in the breast or,elsewhere,I,Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing,O,Obvious change in a wart or mole,N,Nagging cough or hoarseness,Note: highly unspecific, diagnosis of a benign tumor is more probable,EXAMPLES OF HOW TO DETECT TUMORS BY PHYSICAL EXAMINATION,Breast Exam,Digital Rectal Exam,LABORATORY PROCEDURES,X -ray,computed,tomography,(CT scan),ultrasound,Imaging studies,magnetic,resonance,imaging (MRI),VISUALIZATION PROCEDURES,colon cancer,bronchial/lung cancer,scopy endoscopic exam,scope instrument used,Biochemical Studies,Some tumors release,substances (enzymes),Into body fluids,(blood, urine).,Doctors determine the level,of these substances to,detect tumors/cancer.,prostate specific antigen,(prostate cancer),Biopsy and Histopathologic Examination,NOTE: A BIOSY with HISTOPATHOLOGIC STUDIES,is the gold standard for diagnosing cancer/tumors.,(Gold standard = the best or no. 1),(determines the GRADE and the TYPE of the tumor/cancer),Histopathologic exam,Tissue sampling,GRADING OF TUMORS,GRADE how mature the cells are,DIFFERENTATION growth and development of the cells,Differentiated (mature),good prognosis,undifferentiated or,anaplastic (immature),bad prognosis,Gleasons criteria is used to grade prostate cancer.,STAGING OF TUMORS,STAGE tells us how far the tumor has grown and spread,TNM Classification,T TUMOR growth,N involvement of,lymph nodes,M metastasis,Subscripts:,IS in situ (in its place),1 -4 = growth,or involvement,T,1,NoMo,T,4,N,2,M,1,TREATMENT FOR CANCER,Radiotherapy,Chemotherapy,Surgery,Multimodality,(Multi many),(modes methods / ways),Hospice Care,- end of life care for the terminally ill,There is a famous epitaph from an unknown doctors tombstone,which stands beside the Salanake Lake In the northeast of New York:,To Cure Sometimes,To Relieve Often,To Comfort Always.,This is the true meaning of cancer therapy.,THANK YOU!,