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., ., , , , ,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,呼吸系统疾病术前评估,术前评估,目的:,Identifying patients at,risk for complications,and then attempting to,modify that risk,To decrease perioperative respiratory complication,1.,术前评估,2. 术前准备,3. 麻醉处理,4. 术后处理,内容,1.,肺部并发症的危险因素,2.,术前评估,3. 术前准备,4.,麻醉对呼吸系统的影响,危险因素,Pulmonary complications:,Important form of postoperative morbidity,after major,cardiothoracic,and,abdominal,operations,术后呼吸系统并发症:,大手术可达:25 50%,危险因素,1.,术前状态,2.,手术部位,3. 急诊手术,术前状态,术前存在呼吸系统疾病、吸烟、 肥胖、老龄,慢性肺部疾患:,most significant patient-related risk for post,operative pulmonary complications,Distinguishing patients with lung disease,:,important step in identifying the risk of postoperative pulmonary complications,COPD,和哮喘,Postsurgical pulmonary complications :,26, 78%,Increased risk of morbidity:,麻醉、手术时有症状,Surgery performed when symptom free or,improved,手术部位,Pulmonary complications,upper abdominal,and,thoracic operations,:,20,70%,泌尿或骨科手术: 4%,腹腔镜技术,可减少呼吸合并症:,less pain and less disruption of abdominal,and diaphragmatic muscle activity,术后恢复更快,FVC,降低,上腹部和胸部手术 :,降低FVC 60%,7-10,天才能恢复正常,下腹部手术:,降低 FVC,40,围术期呼吸系统合并症的临床研究,危险因素,Variable Description Relative odds,病人因素,年龄,80yrs & 70y,肥胖,FVC,80,预计值,FEF,(用力呼吸流量),60%,的预计值,晶体液输入, 6 L,手术时间,5,小时,PFTs与呼吸并发症,Pathologic preoperative PFTS:,FVC of 50% of normal,Forced expiratory volume (FEV,1,) 50 mmHg,呼吸并发症: 28.1%,而术前PFTS 正常的病人,呼吸并发症为7.9%,麻醉因素,麻醉时间,麻醉技术:,regional vs general anesthesia,术后镇痛,Anesthetic agents with,shorter elimination half-lives,对,PPC,危险因素的调整,延期手术,改变麻醉方法,药物治疗,病人教育(如戒烟、 减肥、呼吸锻炼),延迟手术,Urgency of the proposed operation,Surgical site,Type of operation planned,Fitness of the patient:,type of pulmonary disease,elderly patients,术前评估,1.,病史及体格检查,2. 实验室,胸片,ABGA,肺功能试验,病史及体检,最便宜,为进一步仪器检查打基础,Opportunity to consolidate information about the patient and the planned operation,Modifying risks in special populations of patients with lung disease, explained simple maneuvers directly to the patient,关于肺部疾患的问诊,您是否得过肺炎? 何时?,是否施行过肺手术?,有无呼吸困难、 喘鸣、 胸痛、 支气管炎、 哮喘或 肺气肿?,是否经常咳嗽、频率 (痰)?,过去,4,周中有无发热、寒战、感冒?,是否抽烟? 何时戒烟?,实验室检查及胸片,Chest radiographs(Just as pulmonary function tests):,Rarely abnormal in patients without risk factors for lung disease,Rarely reveal anything that might change decision to perform an operation in patients without other risk factors.,胸片,可能发现新的的病变,Patients believed to be at high risk for pulmonary complications.,实验室检查及动脉血气,Most important factor of respiratory care,PaO,2,:,溶解氧的张力,不反映组织氧合状态,PaCO,2,:,反映肺泡通气状况,Normal pH with PaCO,2,change or,pH change accompanied PaCO,2,change,反映心肺内稳态状况,实验室检查及动脉血气,动脉血气:,Indicated in patients with lung disease prior to,surgery for two reasons,1,),二氧化碳分压增高:,术后呼吸并发症增加,2),COPD,合并二氧化碳分压增加:,不管何种手术因素,其生存期缩短,动脉血气加肺功能,适用于:,病人有呼吸困难和吸烟史,上腹部或冠脉搭桥术,PFT,目标:,Altering their outcome by reducing the risk of postoperative ventilatory impairment and other respiratory complications,两大类:,1.,气体交换异常,2. 由于肺或胸壁的原因所致通气功能异常,Flow Volume Loop,Flow Volume Loop with,Differing Efforts,Change of Peak Flow with,Different Lung Volume,PFT,能预期肺部并发症: 不同程度,No more sensitive as indicators of occult pulmonary disease than information gathered from a careful history and physical examination,对个体预后判断价值较小,PFT,正常健康者 :,75 80 FVC 在第一秒内呼出; 其余在,2,、,3,秒内呼出,FEV,1,/FVC:,70 %:,轻度梗阻,60%: 中度梗阻,50%: 严重梗阻,PFT,PEFR,(最大呼气流速):,依赖病人力量,大气道梗阻,对支气管扩张药的反应,FEF,25,-75%,:,不依赖病人肌力,反映远端小气道梗阻,COPD,时的,PFT,COPD,病人术后并发症可达 26 78%,评估疾病严重程度,促使干预措施应用,鉴别术后病死率较高的病人,但并不能否定(拒绝)手术,异常PFT的解释:,1.,任何慢性肺部疾患,2. 抽烟严重、连续咳嗽,3. 劳累后喘息或呼吸困难,4. 胸壁或脊柱畸形,5. 肥胖,6. 胸部手术,7. 上腹部手术,8. 老年病人 (70 以上),PFT,FVC FEV1 FEV,1,/FVC(%),限制性疾病 下降,下降,正常,梗阻性疾病,正常,降低,降低,限制性通气障碍的常见原因,间质性肺疾患:,肺炎、纤维化、肺水肿,占位性病变,胸膜疾患:,气胸、 血胸、 胸膜渗出,胸壁疾患:,脊柱后侧凸、 脊椎炎,胸外疾患:,肥胖、腹水、 妊娠,梗阻性疾患常见原因,上呼吸道:,异物、 肿瘤、 狭窄、 水肿,中心或外周气道:,支气管炎、 支气管扩张、 哮喘,实质性病变:,肺气肿,术前准备,1.,伴有支气管痉挛的炎性疾病,Increased bronchial hyperresponsiveness,by inflammation of airways,Corticosteroids with asthma & COPD,2. 近期感染,近期URI : 有支气管或喉痉挛危险,约需几周恢复至正常反应性,有脓痰者应给予抗生素,术前准备,3.,戒烟,至少,2,个月,4. 术前教育,痰浓、多,咳嗽差病人,物理治疗,深呼吸锻炼 、拍背,体位引流、 IPPB、 and incentive,spirometry,术前准备,5.,药物:,a. 皮质激素,b. 吸入 Beta-2 激动剂,c. 抗胆碱药,d. 氨茶碱,e. 抗生素,6. 需要延迟手术者: 伴分泌物多的咳嗽,合并 URI婴幼儿,麻醉药的呼吸影响,使,FRC,减少,减少,TV,、,分钟通气量和,肺泡通气,增加通气,/,血流比例失调,降低缺氧和二氧化碳增加的呼吸驱动,咽肌张力降低所致的呼吸道梗阻,结论,1.,术前评估、术前准备:,preoperative consultation to pulmonologist ,optimal medical management,2.,很好的麻醉计划与实施,3. 适当术后处理,人有了知识,就会具备各种分析能力,,明辨是非的能力。,所以我们要勤恳读书,广泛阅读,,古人说“书中自有黄金屋。,”通过阅读科技书籍,我们能丰富知识,,培养逻辑思维能力;,通过阅读文学作品,我们能提高文学鉴赏水平,,培养文学情趣;,通过阅读报刊,我们能增长见识,扩大自己的知识面。,有许多书籍还能培养我们的道德情操,,给我们巨大的精神力量,,鼓舞我们前进,。,
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