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*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,1,六级考试综合改错题应对策略实例,综合改错题是大学英语六级考试中一个重要的题型,它要求考生在15分钟内找出在一篇200250词的短文内的10处错误(每行不超过一处错误,但不包括拼写或标点的错误),并根据上下文,在错误的地方增、删、改正、替换某一个词或词组,使短文语意连贯,结构正确。,2,总体而言,综合改错题的命题内容有如下三大方面:,(1)词汇用法,(2)篇章理解,(3)语法知识。,以下摘录历年六级考试综合改错题中出现的有关词汇用法和篇章理解方面的错误进行具体地分析。,3,一、词汇用法错误,1固定搭配错误:主要是一些常用介词短语、动词短语、形容词短语的误用,另外,一些固定句型中词汇的搭配也容易出错。对付此类错误的方法是大量记忆,熟悉这些固定的搭配。,例1:about an American who had been invited to an Arab meal at one of the countries of the Middle East(2000年6月第75题),at应改为in,in the country为固定介词短语搭配。,4,例2:,but such reasons are totally dependent in the balance of risks and benefits for the patients(1993年6月第 75题),in应改为on,dependent on为固定的形容词短语搭配。,5,例3:However,a second person thought that this was more a question of civilized behavior as good manners(2000年6月第73题),as应改为than,morethan为固定句型搭配,表示“与其说不如说”。,6,2单词的混用:这种错误是指误用了某个在形式或意义上与正确的单词相似的单词。,例1:Between sunrise and sunset,streets and highways are a constant source of voice from cars,buses and trucks(1995年6月第 73题),原文讲述噪音污染,所以,此处的voice应改为noise。,7,例2:Immediately before him was a very flat piece of bread that looked,to him,very much as a napkin(2000年6月第78题),此处as应改为like,as与like都可作介词用,表示“像一样”时,应用like,而as表示“作为”。,8,二、篇章理解错误,1语意的颠倒:这类错误多指在语意表达上用了相反的词,造成上下文逻辑推理上的自相矛盾。做题前如先阅读全文,领会上下文承接关系与语意关系将裨益无穷。,例:If he was present because of sickness, there was often no job for him when he returned(1994年1月第76题),显然,将present改为absent才合乎逻辑。,9,2指代关系的错误:这类错误主要指由于人称代词、物主代词及指示代词的误用,导致指示不清、逻辑混乱,甚至前后矛盾。细心推敲和全局观念是破解此类错误的杀手锏。,例1:A break in their employment,or a decision to work part time,will slow its raises and promotions(1996年1月第75题),从原文看,此处指妇女涨工资、被提升的速度会大大地减缓。所以,its应改为their(妇女的)。,10,例2:,he finds it pleasing he is influ-encing people:they are drawn to them(1995年1月第78题),从文中看,them应改为him,指人们为他所吸引。,11,3.连接词与关系词的错误:这类错误主要出现在定语从句与状语从句中,正确地分析句与句之间的逻辑关系,才能选择合适的连接词与关系词。,例1:It appears that we all find company in sound,if we all demand a little quiet from time to time,原文讲述噪音污染,从上下文看,前后两句之间应为转折关系,而非条件关系,所以,连词if应改为but或though。,12,例2:Instead,this other person told us a story,it he said was quite well known,后半句显然是一个非限制性定语从句修饰story,所以,应将it改为关系词which。,13,三、语法错误,1.单复数概念。这是最简单、最基本的语法规则,但是由于它本身的特殊用法较多,加之考生的词汇量、语义场的水平差异大,不可能人人都能完全答对。,例1:This dream.was to find a piece of place, and build a house for ones family.(CET-6,9,03),此句中的a piece of place应改为a place,或者直接将place改为land。因为place在此为可数名词,通常在land 前才加a piece of。,14,例2:Can we be so bold as to suggest that we may be able to colonize other planet within the not-too-distant future?(CET-6, 1,00),人类探索其他星体,不只一个、两个,除了移民月球外,也许还有水星、木星等。故应将other 后的可数名词变成复数形式,而the other后的可数名词则不为复数形式。,15,2.主谓一致。主谓一致也是初、中级英语的基本知识范畴。然而由于英语中的集体名词、不定代词、指示代词、主谓倒装等特殊变量的存在,给语言学习者带来许多不好把握的地方。,例1:.but behind it lies two myths.(CET-6,6,02),该句是一个例装句。谓语动词的形式与myths看齐,而非与介宾it一致。故应把lies改为lie。,16,例2:.perhaps one in every seven deaths in Europes crowded cities were caused by the disease.(CET-6,6,01),该句的主语是one,而非crowded cities,故谓语动词应改为was。此句的难点在于介词短语又多又长,容易干扰答题者的语法观念。,17,3.时态的前后一致。时态的前后一致,应属于初级英语学习者掌握的语法概念。然而有些段落时空交叉频繁和复合句中的分句特殊规则,也可能表示真理性的过去等,这些会给时态观念薄弱的考生造成障碍。,例1:These small households were portraits of independence: the entire family,mother,father,children,even grandparents-live in a small house and working together to support each other.(CET-6,9,03),此句总体上讲述的是这些小家庭是独立的掠影。而后半句解释到这些小家庭里的成员生活在一起,工作在一起的情景,应该用一般现在时,故将working 改为work,和live保持一致。,18,4.介词的灵活搭配和固定搭配。小小介词变化无穷。它的使用没有百分之百的规则,只有具备语篇中的灵活性,而这种灵活性又具有相当的固定性和规范性。,例1:This is new is the scale.,此句中有两个is,说明其中一个是误用。根据文章上下文意思它们在规模大小方面的不同之处倒是人们应该研究的新动向,我们可以把第二个is改成in。,19,例2:Then,about ten thousand years ago, when this immensely long formative period of hunting for food, they became farmers.(CET-6,1,02),when表示当时,after表示之后。本句中ten thousand years ago 指距今一万多年前,是在长期的原始狩猎时期之后,故应把when改为介词after。,20,应试技巧,以上我们对综合改错题的各种错误类型进行了全面的归纳分析,可以说解题的思路和技巧已蕴含其中,现在我们从应试的角度提供几点建议:,1快速浏览全文,把握话题和大意。,2细读要求改错的那行文字,看看每一个词是否有语义、语法上的错误。,3如果本行或本句内找不出词汇语法上的错误,要特别注意一下上下文,看看是否有逻辑错误。,4思路要开阔,考虑每类词汇能出现的错误,这一点尤为重要。,5注意以下一些常常设置的考点:,21,如果出现现在分词-ing,考虑一下是否应为过去分词-ed,反之亦然。,如果是代词,考虑一下应该是主格、宾格还是所有格,或考虑应用单数形式还是复数形式。itshis,his/her/itstheirthisthat/those/thesethatwhichwhat nothingeverythinganythingotherthe otheranotherfewa few, littlea little,如果是形容词,考虑一下是否应为副词,或涉及形容词的语法错误,如比较级等,副词亦如此。,22,muchmany, moreless, fewfewerlittlefewless, latelaterlatterlately,goodwell,如果是介词,考虑是否能与动词、形容词、名词构成正确的搭配。aslike, inonof, fromwithbetween,如果是系动词be,助动词have,考虑单复数时态问题。is (was)are(were), havehad/has,如果是连词,读一下上下文是否文意顺畅。,如果每个词本身都找不出问题,看看是否漏掉了什么词,如冠词等。,23,对近年六级考试综合改错题型的回顾与分析,改错题题型反映了综合型考试由客观题型主导向主观题型主导的必然转换。众所周知,选择题的运气成分约为25%,判断题的运气成分约占50%,而主观题是没有多少运气成分的,除非考生考前正好复习了这个题或准备了这个作文。这种情况的概率不会超过考生人数的5%。改错题是语言运用能力的集中表现,往往不会被押题人命中。该题型既考查词汇、语法、语义,也考查学生的逻辑判断能力。为了提高考生的判别效率,该题明示了每个错误出现的地方(某一句话),这样在十多个单词中考生比较容易找出错误。近几年的大学英语六级考试的改错范围包括:换一个正确或适当词,增加一个适当词,删去一个多余词。换词时先划掉句中的错误词,再把正确词填在句子后的留空处。加词时考生在应添加处用符号表明,并将应添加的词列于句子后的留空处。该句子如有多余词要把它删去,答题方式是先在原句中划掉多余词,再把删字符(/)写在句子后的留空处。经过对近几年的改错题的研究和分析,得出以下结论性看法。,24,一、有错必究,眼疾手快,与其他类型考试不同,CET-6考试规定要求作答的那一句话肯定有一个错误,不像高考可能有错也可能无错、可能改错也可能没错可改,也不可能在一句话中让考生改几处错误。既然如此,考生就应带着批评的态度审视每一个词。如果考生发现所有词全都合适,那么再去从逻辑判断方面审视句子前后的关系,看一看前后句子应该是什么关系,如转折、因果、让步等,最后确定这些关系词是否使用正确。牢记一点,考生在交卷前,留下任何一个空白,都可能留下遗憾。,25,二、语言结构错误占很大比例,任何语法精、语感好的考生在规定时间的二分之一的时间内会找出一大半错误,并且能快速修改。通常一半左右的错误是比较明显的,其中最突出的结构问题有以下几种:,26,三、语义前后不顺,缺乏逻辑性,有些考题乍一看没有任何问题,这时考生就不妨抛开语法问题,重点审查该句与上一句或下一句的逻辑关系。,1.用词不当。这种错误使语言含糊不清,让读者如坠云雾中。,例1:Anyone understood the life and death importance of family cooperation and hard work.(CET-6,9.03),此句中的anyone不太符合上下文语义场的要求,在肯定某一事实时,用everyone取代anyone。,27,例2:.a few generations late, sends them flooding out again to the suburbs.(CET-6,6,02),该句中的late不符合上下文意思,因为late仅表示迟到而没有以后的意思,要想表达几代之后(几十年后)就应该用a few generations later。later有以后,最近的意思。,28,2.语义逻辑合理、前后意义连贯。有各别考题是考查学生的逻辑推断能力。人们说话或写文章一般应思路明确、顺畅,不能前后矛盾、颠三例四。,例1:Under this pressure their whole way of life, even if their bodies, became radically changed.,该句中的if是误用,even if 后边只有their bodies是半句话,即使他们的身体;只有把if删除,even their bodies就连他们的身体这样才可以与前边的短语构成复合主语表示他们的生活方式和身体状态都得以发生巨变。,29,例2:When U.S. soldiers came home after the World War II, for example, they dreamed of buying houses and starting families. But there was a tremendous boom in home building. (CET-6,9.03),此句前后应该是递进关系,但是原文却用了but,使整个复合句成了转折关系,也使读者无法理解其意。故应该把But改成And。,改错是一项全面复杂的语言应用过程,这种校正能力需要考生具有扎实的语言基础知识、全面的语言运用能力和严密的逻辑思维反应。总的原则是一看语言结构,二看篇章关系。,30,二、 综合改错词汇、语法类错误词汇、语法类错误涵盖面甚广,包括除逻辑错误以外的所有错误,在六级考试改错题当中该类错误约占到70%。下面我们就词类的角度,分析、归纳经常出现的错误。(一) 名词错误单复数错误,可数名数与不可数名词误用。(二) 代词错误代词单复数用错,造成搭配不一致; 人称与非人称用错; 主格、宾格或所有格用错; 关系代词用错; 不定代词用错。,31,(三) 动词错误 时态,语态,第三人称单数错误; 谓语动词形式错误; 及物与不及物动词用错,造成缺宾语或不能带宾语; 动词采用非谓语动词形式,造成谓语缺失,或用动词代替分词状语,造成一句中有两个谓语。,(四) 形容词、副词错误形容词、副词比较级、最高级错误。,(五) 介词错误 用错介词,造成搭配错误; 遗漏介词或添加多余的介词。,32,(六) 分词错误现在分词与过去分词置换错误,该用ing分词却用了ed分词,或者相反。,(七) 其他词类错误 定冠词和不定冠词用错,冠词遗漏或多余; 不定式符号to的缺漏或多余; 基数词与序数词错用。,(八) 词性误用词类误用出现在以上主要词类中,在实考试卷中,多表现为以下各组词类间的误用: uE,33,名词形容词用错的情况经常是:该用形容词作定语的地方用了名词,或该作宾语的位置用了形容词。There may be sound medicine reasons for accepting electrical shock treatment.应为medicalIt is often this idea that caused their problems rather than any short of professional skills. 应为shortage,34,形容词副词经常出现的错误情形为:用于修饰形容词、动词的副词被错用为形容词,或处于表语、补误位置的形容词被错用为副词。Deciding how much discomfort and risk we are prepared to put up with in the name of better health is a high personal matter.,应为highly,Industrial growth in countries that had former been markets hastened regional selfsufficiency, and in consequence, hastened the collapse of organized long distance trade.,应为formerly,35,The bees sting is used only once and is made more effectively by the fact that it is left behind in the victim.,应为effective,It is precisely in these areas that the advantages of cooperation and sharing of experience appear evidently.,应为evident,36,(九) 措词错误此类错误主要指选词的错误,即该用某个词,却误用了另外一个词,造成语义不当或语法上的错误。所以要纠正错误,必须另换一词。这类错误主要表现为以下几个方面: 同义词、近义词选用不当; 形似义异词用错。,Between sunrise and sunset, streets and highways are a constant resource of noise from ears, buses and trucks.,resource意为“资源”,意义不当,应改作source(来源)。,37,The government of most countries spend huge sums of money for international defence.,根据句中“大多数国家的政府”可知“ international”应为“national”。,The two countries will restore full diplomatic relations now that they have set their long standing border dispute.,根据句意,句中set应改为“settled”,与dispute搭配表示“平息/解决争端”。而set无“平息,解决”之意,这是因为拼写发音相似而导致的用词错误。,38,At the bottom of the world lays a mighty continent still wrapped in Ice Age and ,until recent times, unknown to man.,句中“lays”意为“放置”,且为及物动词,应换作“lies”(躺着)。这是一对容易混淆的词。,39,逻辑错误综合改错的第二大类错误为逻辑错误。从出题的角度看,设计者有意将某个连词,或起连词作用的副词换成与文章思路矛盾的连词或副词;或将某个正确的词的词义换成它的反义词;或者通过去掉否定词或添加否定词,使上下文产生矛盾。,(一) 连词或副词错用连词或起连词作用的副词按表示的逻辑关系可分为因果、转折、并列、递进、让步、假设等几大类。出题者往往通过把表示某种关系的连词或副词换成表示另一类逻辑关系的词,造成逻辑矛盾。如把因果关系连词和转折关系的连词互换,把表示递进关系的与让步关系的词互换等。下列连词和副词在改错题中要特别注意。because, so, therefore, thus, since, as, for, consequently, but, however, nevertheless, whereas, although, yet, while, despite, before, after, moreover, furthermore, and, or, neither, nor,40,People are earning higher wages and salaries. This leads to changes in the way of life. As income goes up, people may not want more food to eat or more clothes to wear. Since they may want more and better care from doctors, dentists and hospitals. They are likely to travel more and to want more education. Nevertheless, many more jobs are available in these services.,上面这段文字中的连词“since”作“由于”解,与前文所述原因矛盾,而且since用在此,句法上也不正确,没有主句,应改为but。后面的连词Nevertheless(然而),与上下文文意不合,应改为表示因果关系的 “Therefore”或“So”。,41,反义词这种错误指的是出题者将文中某个词,可以是动词、形容词、副词、名词、动名词、分词改成与正确文意相反或相对的词。考生必须能够识别这种错误,把它改过来。由于许多单词的反义词都可通过增加或取消表示否定意义的前缀、后缀而构成,在改正的过程,要特别注意利用这些词缀。 In part, technology has caused the population explosion, . But in part, technology helps resolve the population problem, either. The need for more food discourages development of better technology which naturally keeps more people alive.,该段文字中的副词“either”和动词“discourages”在文中与文意相悖,逻辑上不通,应分别改成它们的反义词“too”和“encourages”。,42,(三) 肯定与否定与上述两种通过单词本身的错误构成逻辑错误不同,这类错误是由于否定词not,no的缺漏或多余而造成的。 The children attended a small elementary school (often of just one room) to which they had to walk every week, every day, possibly for a few miles. The school term was short so that the children could not help, on the farm.,“学期短,这样这些孩子就不能在农场上帮忙了”句意逻辑上不通,显然最后一句中的not应删去。,43,The quality of the environment may reduce the need for expensive drugs when a patient is not recovering from an illness. A study has shown that patients who had a view onto a garden needed half the number of strong pain killers compared with patients who had view at all or only a brick wall to look at.,此段中“not”应删去,而在had view之间应增添“no”,文意才通。,44,
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