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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,五,.,翻译练习,True Lies,A World without Thieves,The Dream Factory,Shawshank,Redemption,Six of one and half a dozen of the other,半斤八两,隔墙有耳,Walls have ears.,鱼米之乡,a land of milk and honey,白马王子、梦中情人,Mr./Mrs. Right; Prince Charming,Rob Peter to pay Paul,拆东墙补西墙,I gave my youth to the sea and I came home and gave my wife my old age.,直：我把青春献给海洋，我回家的时候便把老年给了我的妻子。,意：我把青春献给海洋，等我回到家里见到妻子的时候，已经是白发苍苍。,少时海为家，归乡两鬓斑。,青春献海洋，暮年伴我妻。,Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful, nor is it a way to make social problems evaporate.,直：砸镜子不能使丑八怪变漂亮，也不能使社会问题烟消云散。,意：逃避并不能解决实际问题。,第二章英汉语言比较,English belongs to the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family(,印欧语系,). Chinese belongs to the Sino-Tibetan language family,（汉藏语系）,. It is well known that English has the richest vocabulary of any European language. On the basis of Angles language (Anglo-Saxon), English was built by absorbing words in various languages.,Vocabulary,在英语史上，英语吸收了大量其他语言的词汇，加上英语本身就具有很多同义词。英语中的同义词和近义词很多，一词多义,(,polysemy,),的现象很普遍：,a,soft,pillow case.,a,soft,aboveground launching site.,The record has been considered,soft,ever since it was set last May.,Marijuana is usually regarded as a,soft,drug.,At this stage there is only,soft,intelligence about the enemy intention. We should not shoot him from the hip.,2.,汉语的一词多义现象：以“地”为例,词语：地方 地步 地球 地势 地位 地头蛇,地震 地狱 地域 天地,词组或成语：天长地久 天翻地覆 天罗地网 不败之地,Collocation,To cut wheat,To cut cake,To cut finger-nails,He wore dark glasses, thick jersey, and stopped up his ears with cotton wool.,他戴黑眼镜，穿厚毛衣，耳朵里面塞了棉花。,But his attack was always repulsed by a kick or a blow from a stick.,但是他每冲一次，不是让人一脚踢了回去，就是让人棍子打了回去。,Word Order,1.,定语的位置,汉语的定语通常在所修饰名词前面；英语中单词作定语多放在名词前面，短语作定语多后置。,A research-oriented,hospital;something,important; a candidate with little chance of success.,2.,状语的位置,（,1,）单词作状语：常放在所修饰的形容词和动词前面。,（,2,）短语作状语：英语中短语作状语，可放在修饰动词之前或之后；译成汉语时，大多数放在动词前面，也可放在后面。,.,3.,复合句中的逻辑顺序,(1).,时间先后顺序,.,He was born in London on May 27,1923,(2).,因果、条件关系,Differences in Sentence Structure,（,1,）英语句子重形合，汉语句子重意合,.,Never get on or off the bus before it comes to a standstill.,车未停稳，请勿下车（原句用,before,将两个分句连成一个复合句,译文分成两个小短句。）,（,2,）英语句子重心在前，汉语句子重心在后。,I was all the more delighted when, as a result of the initiative of your Government, it proved possible to reinstate the visit so quickly.,由于贵国政府的提议，才得以这样愉快的重新进行这次访问，这使我感到特别高兴。,1,、不完全对应,eat,与汉语的“吃”：,feed,，,consume,，,prey,，,graze,，,peck,，,pick,吃不开,(,be unpopular),，吃不消,(,be unable to stand,),，吃醋,(,be jealous,),，吃苦,(,bear hardships,),，吃亏,(,suffer losses; be at a disadvantage,),，吃一堑，长一智,(,a fall into the pit, a gain in your wit,),。,Morning,，,marriage,2,、固定搭配的语义差异,努力学习（,work hard,）不是（,learn/ study hard,）；,半年,six months,，不常用,half a year,；,学知识,gain/ acquire knowledge,，不是,learn knowledge,。,Vocabulary,3,、汉语词典含义与英语习惯表达之间的差异,儿童票价减半,误：,childrens fare reduced by half,正：,half-price fare for children,一次专访,误：,a special visit,正：,an exclusive interview,必须引起密切注意,误：,must cause close attention,正：,require immediate attention,身体状况良好,误：,good body condition,正：,in good shape,走错了路,误：,walk on the wrong road,正：,be on the wrong track,4,、数词的语用含义差异,一目了然,see with half an eye,一模一样,as alike as two peas,三言两语,in a few words; in one or two words,三心二意,to be in two minds,三思而后行,look before you leap,三三两两,by ones and twos,四面八方,all directions; all around; all quarters; far and near,七嘴八舌,all talking at once,半斤八两,six of one and half-a-dozen of the other,十之八九,ten to one,十全十美,be perfect in every way; be out of this world; to the nines,Quiz,：,talk along parallel lines,“,谈不到一块儿”、“各持己见” 、“意见不一致”；,“英雄所见略同”,familiar talk,熟悉的交谈,庸俗的交谈,goldbrick,金锭,懒汉，赝品,大忙人,busybody,busy bee,自食其言,to eat ones own words.,to go back on ones words,英汉两种语言的差异,直线型与螺旋型,分析型与综合型,抽象型与形象型,客观性与主观性,前重心与后重心,竹节句法与流水句法,理性型与绘画型,张衡还创造了世界上第一台观测气象的仪器,候风仪,anemograph,。他还制作了已经失传的指南车。这种车不管怎么转弯，车上的木制小人总是把手臂指向南方。,Zhang,Heng,also created the worlds first meteorological instrument anemograph. He made a pointing-south cart with a wooden figure always pointing southward no matter what direction the cart was moving in. The cart has since been lost.,英语是典型的“直线型”思维，而汉语则是典型的“螺旋型”思维。因此，英语里习惯于直切主题，不拐弯抹角。而汉语则不同，中国人常常要在点题之前作充分准备，最后才把重点讲出来。英语里很喜欢使用现有理论作演绎推理，而汉语里更喜欢归纳式讨论，即先罗列现象或先摆出具体的事实再作抽象总结。,一、直线型与螺旋型,Time is an equal opportunity employer. Each human being has exactly the same number of hours and minutes every day. Rich people cant buy more hours. Scientists cant invent new minutes. And you cant save time to spend it on another day.,每个人每天所拥有的小时数和分钟数完全相同，富人不可能购买更多的小时，科学家也不能发明新的分钟，并且你还不能把时间留到另一天用，所以说，时间是机会均等的雇主。,英语民族偏爱分析型思维，其思维方式是部分优先,所以英语的句子特别注重形式上的完整及各部分之间的关系在形式上的体现。而中国人偏好综合型思维，其思维方式是整体优先,即重整体轻分解,善于简洁含蓄地解释事物整体而不善于分析事物的内部结构,所以汉语句子更注重整体表达效果，对形式上的完整及各部分之间的关系是否严谨并不十分重视,词和句子的意义常靠前后左右综合的意义网来理解。,二、分析型与综合型,As it is too late for you to go home now, you had better stay overnight at this place.,(as,表明主从句的因果关系,),现在回家太晚，你最好在这儿住一晚。（因果关系靠内在逻辑关系来理解）,天长地久有时尽，此恨绵绵无绝期。（白居易）（注重整体表达效果，转折关系没有明示）,The eternal universe sometimes comes to an end, but my unceasing complaint knows no limit.,（增加连词,but,，明确转折关系）,英语中抽象的内容多，汉语中具体的内容多。西方人受西方哲学思想体系的影响,较注重抽象思维，他们擅长使用抽象的概念来表达具体的事物，抽象表达方式在英语中相当普遍。相对而言,中国人在说明问题时爱用形象与比喻法，即使涉及到逻辑推理问题也偏爱形象思维，纯粹意义的抽象思维对他们似乎并不重要。,三、抽象型与形象型,1.,英语常用大量含义概括的词来表达复杂的理性概念,work with meticulous care,（精雕细刻）,accept,sth,. uncritically,(,生吞活剥,),be full of fears and misgivings,(,前怕狼后怕虎,),画饼充饥,(,feed on illusions,),归根到底,(,in the final analysis,),冷言冷语,(,sarcastic comments,),弱不禁风,(,be in delicate health,),2.,英语中一些较抽象的概念在汉语中常常用一些习惯性的具体词来转述：,area,（面积）大小；,length,（长度）长短；,depth,（深度）深浅；,width,（宽度）宽窄；,weight,（重量）轻重,Time mutes all feelings.,时间的流逝会使各种感情变得淡漠。,Odd thought it sounds, cosmic inflation is a,scientifically plausible consequence,of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for,the better part of a decade,that it is true.,宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特，但它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认理论在科学上看来可信的推论，许多天体物理学家七、八年来一直认为这一学说是正确的。,Marriage may be compared to a cage: the birds outside despair to get in and those within despair to get out.,婚姻好比鸟笼，外面的鸟儿想进进不去，里面的鸟儿想出出不来。,四、客观性与主观性,英语十分强调具体的实例证明，而汉语更喜欢抽象的概念表述，并且汉语表达还十分讲究高度的概括性。,“主观”和“客观”的风格差异在说服性文章上体现得更为明显。英美人遵循的主要原则是：,Let the facts and logic speak for themselves.,（让事实和逻辑为自己说话。） 他们靠客观的态度、令人信服的事实和严谨的推理来征服读者。中国学生在写这类文章时，容易受汉语思维的影响，措词和语气更富有战斗性，常用 “,all of us have no choice but.”, “we must”, “you should”, “it is absolutely wrong to .”,之类的句子，这在英美人看来是作者的主观态度，有点强加于人却不能真正说服人。,All the people,want to be successful in life and work. Success is one of the primary motivating factors of,human society,. But we must not say, it is our basic biological need, although it can bring a person,position or wealth,he needs. In the pursuit of success,we should,have a right attitude toward failure no fear for it is the best policy ,as a Chinese old saying,says, “failure is the mother of success.”,每个人都想在生活和工作中取得成功。成功是人类社会主要的动力之一。尽管成功能给人带来所需的地位和财富，但是我们不能说成功是我们的基本生物需求。在追求成功的过程中，我们应该用正确的态度看待失败,-,最好的办法是不惧怕失败，正如一句中国古训所说：“失败是成功之母。,Even though everyone has different concepts about what constitutes being successful,almost,all individuals,experience the constant pressure,to succeed.,While most people,would still consider an important position or great wealth as a sign of success,others,are realizing that the term embraces many more elements.,To me, success means the achievement of ones goals.,It includes a feeling of accomplishment, a willingness to overcome fear in attempting something new, and a sense of self-improvement in reaching the goal.,(definition),每个人对什么是成功有不同的观点，但几乎所有的人都经历过为取得成功所承受的长期压力。虽然多数人仍然把身居要职和腰缠万贯看成是成功的标志，但也有人认识到成功包含着更多的东西。对我而言，成功就是实现了自己的目标，它包括尝试新事物的成就感和克服恐惧的积极性以及在实现目标的过程中的自我完善。,五、前重心与后重心,英语多前重心，汉语多后重心。所谓前重心是先说结果后说细节。后重心则是先说细节后说结果。,You need to fight for your point of view (,句首重心,)/ when something that is counter to your values or threatens a project the organization supports,.,当所发生的事情与你的价值观完全相反或者对你的机构所支持的项目有威胁时，你需要为你的观点而战。（句尾重心）,There is no agreement,（句首重心）,/ whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.,（句子结构,:(There is no.)+,从句,(whether.)+,后置定语,(peculiar to.)+,选择性并列从句,(or.)+,后置定语,(appropriate to.),。语义,:,主句,There is no,讲的是结果，从句,whether,说的是细节）,译文： 方法论是指一般的历史研究中特有的概念，还是指历史研究中适用各个具体领域的研究方法，人们对此意见不一。（句尾重心）,英语结构紧凑，汉语结构松散。语言学家以“竹节句法”来比喻英语句子，即英语句子是由不可或缺的各种连接词衔接而成，宛如节节相连的竹子,所以英语中每句都有形态保持一致的主语、谓语,从句与主句之间又有连词作形式标志说明两者之间的关系；而汉语句子则被比喻为“流水句法”，即少用乃至不用连接词仍可保持行文流畅,所以汉语中常用小句而不用句子做基本单位,有时一小句接一小句，很多地方可断可连。,六、竹节句法与流水句法,知己知彼，百战不殆。,Know the enemy and know yourself, and you can win a hundred battles.,Conquer the desires,，,or they will conquer you,你不战胜欲望，欲望就会战胜你。,It is sometimes the fate of a poet to succeed, only when he has one foot in the grave.,有时候一名诗人命中注定只有在一只脚踏进坟墓的时候才会成功。,Found throughout Central and South America, the sloth hangs from trees by its long rubbery limbs, sleeping fifteen hours a day and moving infrequently.,树懒产于中南美洲各地，它靠长而有弹性的四肢挂在树上，每天睡,15,个小时，很少移动。,It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians, who equate their activity with specific techniques,。,它同样适用于将历史仅仅看作是对历史材料来源的内部的和外部的批评的传统历史学家，和把历史研究活动等同于具体研究方法的社会科学历史学家。,它同样适用于传统历史学家和社会科学历史学家，传统历史学家,(,或前者,),将历史仅仅看作是对历史材料来源的内部的和外部的批评，社会科学历史学家,(,或后者,),把历史研究活动等同于具体的研究方法。,传统历史学家,(,或前者,),将历史仅仅看作是对历史材料来源的内部的和外部的批评，社会科学历史学家,(,或后者,),把历史研究活动等同于具体的研究方法。它同样适用于这两类历史学家。,七、理性型与绘画型,从语序来考察，汉语更像是一种“绘画型”语言，即汉语词序是按实际生活经验顺序排列的，相当感性,尤其是在口语中表现得比较明显,比如：“我开完会，你再来找我。” 而英语词序与事件经历先后无关，理解词序需要抽象的理性分析。,英语遵循从小到大、由近及远的排列原则，而汉语刚好相反。,No.5,Xingshikou,Road,Haidian,District, Beijing,，,China,英语讲究先实后虚，而汉语更看重先虚后实（重心）。,英语倾向于先表态，后叙事；汉语则喜欢先叙事后表态。,Today it seems perfectly natural (,表态,) for us to shake hands when we greet someone or say goodbye(,叙事,).,现在,我们在见面或告别时握握手,(,叙事,),似乎是很自然的了,(,表态,),。,4.,状语位置差异。,There is a tourist,attractioncalled,the,Badaling,Great,Wallwhich,you can,reachin,about two,hoursby,going,northwestby,tourist bus from downtown Beijing .,从北京市区坐旅游车向西北走大约两小时左右可以到达一个叫八达岭长城的旅游胜地。,5.,定语位置差异。,The memories a favorite old song recalls can be so clear that hearing it almost like watching a movie of your life and times.,（后置定语,:,省略关系代词的定语从句,a favorite old song recalls;,介词短语,of your life and times,）,一首你最爱的老歌所唤起的记忆可以非常清晰,听这样一首歌几乎就像看一部描写你的生活和时代的电影。（英语的后置定语在汉语中前置）,有状语功能的定语从句,译成,”,因,”,的分句,We know that a cat, whose eyes can take in many more rays than our eyes, can see clearly in the night.,译,:,我们知道,因为猫的眼睛所摄入的光线比人眼多,所以猫在夜间看物体很清楚,.,译成,”,果,”,的分句,There was something original, independent, and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them.,计划有原创性,独立性,也很宏大，,(,所以,),取悦了所有的人,.,计划取悦了所有的人，它有原创性,独立性,也很宏大。,译成表示让步的分句,He insisted on building another house, which he had no use for.,尽管没有用处,他仍然坚持再盖一座房子,.,译成条件句,Men became desperate for work, any work, which will help them to keep alive their families.,译,:,人们开始急切的找工作,只要能帮助他们维持家庭生活,任何工作都行,.,同位语从句的转序,Yet, from the beginning, the fact that I was alive was ignored.,译,:,然而从一开始，人们就忽略了我还活着这一事实,.,But I knew I couldnt trust him. There was always the possibility that he was a political swindler.,但我知道我不能信任他,.,很有可能他是个政治骗子,.,It does not alter the fact that he is the man responsible for the delay.,译,:,他应对延误负责,这一事实无法改变,.,He expressed the hope that he would come over to visit China again.,译,:,他希望还能再次访问中国,.,I have accepted my fathers decision that I was to be a doctor, thought the prospect did not interest me at all.,译,:,我已经接受了父亲的决定，将来做名医生,尽管我对这种想法并不感兴趣,.,Exercises,After Aunt Lena had heard about the,family trouble, she agreed to look for a job.,Our hearty desire is the,establishment,of a lasting peace in the world.,I cant even remember clearly,what he looked like.,The war was immediately,caused,by incursions across the borders.,All night long the beating and questioning,goes on, the search,goes on,.,My first 30 years,were spent,in Western America.,An individual,is judged,by how he serves the collective, but the collective is expected to cherish the lives and talents of its individuals.,Answer to Ex.,丽娜阿姨听说了家庭的困难情况后，同意去找工作。,我们的衷心愿望是建立世界长久和平。,我连他的模样也记不清楚了。,那次战争的直接原因是入侵国境。,拷打、审讯彻底不停，搜捕彻夜不停。,我的前三十年是在美国西部度过的。,判断一个人要看他对集体服务得怎样，但是集体也要重视个人的生活和才能。,如何对待和解决这些差异？,以学习地道的英语方式为主。,大量阅读汉英对照读物。,充分利用各类阅读课本或有代表性的文章或段落。,充分利用词典。,除语言因素本身以外，我们还应该注意一些语言以外的东西，如国外的文化历史背景等。,
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