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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,overview,origins,characteristics,The three geniuses of Renaissance,Overview,14th17th centuries,cultural movement,European,Beginning in Italy,literature, philosophy,art, music, politics,science, religion,Origins,13th century,Italy,Florence,People lost their faith in the church and began to put more focus on human beings and material possessions,Social and political structures in Italy,The unique political structures of late Middle Ages Italy have led some to theorize that its unusual social climate allowed the emergence of a rare cultural efflorescence. Italy did not exist as a political entity in the early modern period. Instead, it was divided into smaller city states and territories,Beginning of the Renaissance,The Italian Renaissance had placed human beings once more in the center of lifes stage and infused thought and art with humanistic values. In time the stimulating ideas current in Italy spread to other areas and combined with indigenous developments to produce a French Renaissance, an English Renaissance, and so on.,Why the Renaissance emerged in Italy ?,Its prosperous trade and production of handicraft .,Its rich variety of urban social life coinciding with the emergence of more cities .,The wealth of culture passed down from the artistic and architectural heritage of Rome and the fourth was the use of Latin as a common language in the Italian society .,Cultural conditions in Florence,It has long been a matter of debate why the Renaissance began in Florence, and not elsewhere in Italy. Scholars have noted several features unique to Florentine cultural life which may have caused such a cultural movement.,Lorenzo de Medici, ruler of Florence and patron of arts,Characteristics,Humanism,Art,Science,W,hy the Renaissance began in Florence,Many have emphasized the role played by the Medici, a banking family and later ducal ruling house, in patronizing and stimulating the arts.,Lorenzo de Medici (14491492) was the catalyst for an enormous amount of arts patronage, encouraging his countrymen to commission works from Florences leading artists, including Leonardo da Vinci, Sandro Botticelli, and Michelangelo Buonarroti.,Works by Neri di Bicci, Sandro Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci and Filippino Lippi had been commissioned additionally by the convent di San Donato agli Scopeti of the Augustinians order in Florence.,Humanism,The humanists believed that it is important to transcend to the afterlife with a perfect mind and body.,This transcending belief can be done with education.,The purpose of humanism was to create a universal man whose person combined intellectual and physical excellence and who was capable of functioning honorably in virtually any situation.,This ideology was referred to as the uomo universale, an ancient Greco-Roman ideal. The education during Renaissance was mainly composed of ancient literature and history.,It was thought that the classics provided moral instruction and an intensive understanding of human behavior.,Pico della Mirandola. He wrote the famous Oration on the Dignity of Man, which has been called the Manifesto of the Renaissance,Art,The development of perspective was part of a wider trend towards realism in the arts.To that end, painters also developed other techniques, studying light, shadow, and, famously in the case of Leonardo da Vinci, human anatomy. Underlying these changes in artistic method, was a renewed desire to depict the beauty of nature, and to unravel the axioms of aesthetics, with the works of Leonardo, Michelangelo and Raphael representing artistic pinnacles that were to be much imitated by other artists,Michelangelos tomb in the Basilica of Santa Croce, Florence,science,One important development was not any specific discovery, but rather the further development of the process for discovery, the scientific method.,It focused on empirical evidence, the importance of mathematics, and discarded Aristotelian science.,Early and influential proponents of these ideas included Copernicus, Galileo, and Francis Bacon.6566 The new scientific method led to great contributions in the fields of astronomy, physics, biology, and anatomy.,Galileo Galilei. Portrait in crayon by Renaissance sculptor Leone Leoni,Leonardo da Vinci Michelangelo Raffaello Sanzio,The three geniuses of Renaissance,Da Vinci,Mona Lisa,The Mona Lisa is the most famous masterpiece.Its da Vincis highest artistic achievement.,Da Vincis unique artistic language is the use of light and shade to create a three-dimensional sense of the image of the plane. He once said:the greatest miracle of painting, is to make the picture showing a concave and convex,Da Vinci has shown a very high talent in painting since childhood, so his father sent him to the painting workshop to learn painting. Before the start of the study, the teacher let da Vinci practice painting an egg for many days.,Mona Lisa,Finally Da Vinci got impatient, he thought the teacher looked down upon him. After the teacher read his thoughts, he told da Vinci a truth: There are no two things exactly the same in the world, even is the same thing, due to the different point of view and light. Da Vinci is suddenly enlighted, since then, he began training basic painting skills, learning all kinds of art and scientific knowledge, all this had laid a solid foundation for his later outstanding achievements.,Astronomy,Da Vinci take a negative view to the point:Earth is the center of the universe.His view is presented earlier than Heliocentric theory.,Meachine,He find the Friction definition by experiments.,Through his study of the birds wing movement,he design a Aircraft in 1493 for the first time.,Robot,He design a primary robot by dissecting bodies.Made a great contribution to the development of anatomy.,Architecture,In architecture, he also showed a remarkable talent. He designed bridges, churches, city streets and city buildings. In the design of the city streets, he separate paths and sidewalks. When designing urban architecture, it requires the height of the house and the street width.,Military,He invented the tanks, floating snowshoes, diving suits , submarines and helicopters,Made a great contribution to the development of Military.,Michelangelo,A great artist,Name: Michelangelo,Life: March 1475 February 1564(late renaissance),Known for: Sculpture, painting, architecture, and poetry,Nationality: Italy,Michelangelo was born in Florence, where it was the cradle of the Renaissance. So he had been influenced by the art from he was a child. And under the protection of Florences rulers, he receive a good art education.,He left home to Rome When he was 26 years old. In Rome, he made mourning of Christ statue for St. Peters Church. Due to the production too exquisite, people even not believe that it was did by Michelangelo. So he left his signature on the bottom of the statue. And this is the only with his signature. The theme of the work is taken from the biblical story :After Christ Jesus was crucified on the cross, the mother Mary Maria crying while holding the body of Christ.,From the statue, we can see the dead Christ repose in the knee of the Virgin Mary, virgin overlooking her son, her eyes filled with sorrow and pity. The expression of Mary is silent and complex, not only pour silent grief and pray full with sad. It has far exceeded the Christian faith, which is a kind of filled with feelings of mankinds the greatest and the most noble love.,Michelangelo s achievement in sculpture is no one can compare. But he spent most of his afterlife in the building. During this period, he created a lot of works known to the world, especially in the aspect of mural painting. The right is the last work of himThe Last Judgement. The most representative works of him was a huge paintingGenesis zenith which was created for Sistine Chapel in Rome.,The creation of this work lasted for more than four years. There are 343 characters in picture which is consist of 9 central painting and a number of decorative painting.,Michelangelo died in Rome in 1564.,He is irascible not gregarious, but hes a great artist. His works have influenced for several centuries. Michelangelo represents the highest peak of the art of sculpture in the Renaissance period in Europe. The statue of his character often look like with majestic strong, ambitious spirit, full of infinite power. His large number of works shows the unusual ideal processing that basis on the realistic, as a typical symbol of the era. His artistic creation is often in a realistic way and romantic fantasy, the performance of the civil class of patriotism and the spirit of the struggle for freedom.,Raphael (1483-1520),Raphael was an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance. His work is admired for its clarity of form and ease of composition and for its visual achievement of the ideal of human grandeur.,Raphael (1483-1520),Raphael was enormously productive, running an unusually large workshop and, despite his death at 37, leaving a large body of work. His career falls naturally into three phases and three styles.,Raphael (1483-1520),A brilliant self-portrait drawing from his teenage years shows his precocious talent. Raphael at least worked as an assistant to Perugino from around 1500. He was evidently already much in demand even at this early stage in his career.,Raphael (1483-1520),As earlier with Perugino and others, Raphael was able to assimilate the influence of Florentine art, whilst keeping his own developing style.,By the end of 1508, he had moved to Rome, where he lived for the rest of his life. This first of the famous Raphael Rooms to be painted, now always known as the Stanza della Segnatura after its use in Vasaris time, was to make a stunning impact on Roman art.,Raphael (1483-1520),Raphaels premature death on Good Friday, which was possibly his 37th birthday, was caused by a night of excessive sex with Luti, after which he fell into a fever and, not telling his doctors that this was its cause, was given the wrong cure, which killed him.,Raphael (1483-1520),His funeral was extremely grand, attended by large crowds. The inscription in his marble sarcophagus meaning : Here lies Raffaello who, when alive, Nature was afraid to be won by him, when he died, she wanted to die herself.,thanks,