概写之路步步为营-(宁波三中-)

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,THANKS!,概写之路,步步为营,概要写作（满分,25,分）,阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇,60,词左右的内容概要。,1.,对原文要点的理解和呈现情况；,2.,应用语法结构和词汇的准确性；,3.,上下文的连贯性；,4.,对各要点表达的独立性情况。,40-80,概写题型,&,评分参考,1,Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is nothing fixed aboutattitudes to dirt.,2,In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medicalopinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular dangerwas thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. Sodid the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirtin a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken abath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out.,3,Though the belief in the merit(,好处,) of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighborever since the 18th century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness havemoved beyond science since World War . Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea; clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far?,4,Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, anAmerican immunologist (,免疫学家,), encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immunesystem. And the latter,（后者）,position is gaining some ground.,考纲样题,On the contrary,Yet,Thus,However,1.There is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.,2. People believed dirt was a means to block out disease.,3. Dirt was no longer regarded as a nice neighbor,4. Attitudes to dirt differ hugely.,the king of France and England,Henry IV, king of France,Cleaning away dirt is good to health.,It seemed the standard of cleanliness have moved beyond science.,First-time parents warn children off touching dirt.,Scientists encourage children to play in the dirt to build up immune system.,Authors point,Nowadays,Ever since the 18,th,century,In the early 16,th,century,Supporting details,Thus began a long time,Since World War II,样题要点结构,(,mind map,),(,1)There,is nothing fixed about attitudes to,dirt. (2),People believed dirt was a means to block out,disease.,(,3),Dirt was no longer regarded as a nice,neighbor. (4),Attitudes to dirt differ hugely.,People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin.(,要点,1). For a long time in history, people of some European countries, such as France, believed that dirt protected people from getting ill. (,要点,2) However, people began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago. People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy. (,要点,3) However, some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.(,要点,4),1.There is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.,People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin.,(,要点,1),表述变化,（句式，词汇）,范围变化,要点呈现,For a long time in history, people of some European countries, such as France, believed that dirt protected people from getting ill. (,要点,2),时间变化（概括）,范围变化,（概括）,举例变化（筛选）,表述变化（近义）,要点呈现,2. People believed dirt was a means to block out disease.,the king of France and England,In the early 16,th,century,Thus began a long time,Henry IV, king of France,Thus,However, people began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago. People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy. (,要点,3),时间变化（同义）,表述变化（近义）,要点变化,（忽略？）,要点呈现,3. Dirt was no longer regarded as a nice neighbor.,Ever since the 18,th,century,Cleaning away dirt is good to health.,Since World War II,It seemed the standard of cleanliness have moved beyond science.,Yet,However, some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.(,要点,4),时间变化（略去）,表述变化（词性）,要点变化,（忽略？）,要点呈现,4. Attitudes to dirt differ hugely.,Nowadays,First-time parents warn children off touching dirt.,Scientists encourage children to play in the dirt to build up immune system.,On the contrary,People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin.(,要点,1). For a long time in history, people of some European countries, such as France, believed that dirt protected people from getting ill. (,要点,2)However, people began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago. People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy. (,要点,3) However, some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.(,要点,4),词汇衔接,逻辑衔接,有效衔接,How to Write a Good Summary?,connect,the key points with proper words;,1. Read,3. Paraphrase,4. Connect,read,two or three times,for,topic sentences & supporting details,draw a mind map,rewrite,the key information,in your own words.,2. Mind map,Many things may make you angry. You may get angry when something doesnt go your way. Maybe you get mad at yourself when you dont understand you homework or when your team loses an important game. Maybe your teacher gave you too much homework. Or maybe a friend will borrowed your favorite video game and then broke it. That made you angry.,Example 1,1.Read for topic sentence,Often no one looks more guilty than the innocent. On the other hand, nobody may look more innocent than a professional criminal. And the man who knows “everything” may really only be trying to hide his own weakness. So, it is foolish to try to judge a person only by his appearance.,Example 2,1.Read for topic sentence,What is Standard English? Is it spoken in Britain, the US, Canada, Australia, India and New Zealand? Believe it or not, there is no such thing as Standard English. Many people believe the English spoken on TV and the radio is Standard English. This is because in the early days of radio, those who reported the news were expected to speak excellent English. However, on TV and the radio you will hear differences in the way people speak.,Example 3,1.Read for topic sentence,So why has English changed over time? Actually all language change and develop when cultures meet and communicate with each other. At first the English spoken in England between AD 450 and 1150 was very different from the English spoken today. It was based more on German than the English we speak at present. Then gradually between about AD 800 and 1150, English became less like German because those who ruled England spoke first Danish and later French. These new settlers enriched the English language and especially its vocabulary.,So by the 1660s, Shakespeare was able to make use of a wider vocabulary than ever before. In 1620, some British settlers moved to America. Later in the 18,th,century, some British people were taken to Australia, too. English began to be spoken in both countries.,Example 4,有时,主旨大意需要自己归纳和概括,1.Read for topic sentence,English changes as its culture meets and communicates with that of another.,We shouldnt judge a person by their appearance but we do. In fact, the experts say that when we meet someone for the first time we make a decision about what that person is like in three seconds. But what do we look at? One of the most important things is clothes, but it isnt the brand of clothes that people wear that is important. The important thing is to wear the right clothes for the occasion.,Example 5,有时，段首只起导入话题的作用,1.Read for topic sentence,Wearing proper clothes is important for first impressions.,topic,authors point about the topic,+,1.,段落大意不一定是首句或尾句；,2.,段落中的转折,but, yet, however, nevertheless, nonetheless,让步,though, as, although,，结果,as a result, so, therefore,及其他如,in fact, as a matter of fact,等是要点提示词；,3.,如有设问，与答案合并成为要点；,4.,如有例证，简要归类概括成为要点；,5.,没有可以直接提取的，思考该段落的作用；,6.,抓住贯穿全文（全段）的中心意思,。,Tip1,：主题句必须能概括全文或整段,The familiar yellow school,bus is,the largest system of mass transportation in the US and every school day transports roughly 25 million young people to school and home again after the school day ends. Meanwhile, they are the safest method for getting kid to and from school, according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Children are 70 times more likely to arrive at school safely on the school bus than if they had traveled to school driving themselves or riding with friends,.,Practice,说明文：解释,&,说明：事物,or,现象,议论文：说服,&,争辩：一个有争议的观点,两种常见文体,The familiar yellow school is the largest system of mass transportation in the US and every school day transports roughly 25 million young people to school and home again after the school day ends. Meanwhile, they are the safest method for getting kid to and from school, according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Children are 70 times more likely to arrive at school safely on the school bus than if they had traveled to school driving themselves or riding with friends.,These school buses meet more of the nations motor vehicle safety standards than any other vehicles on the road. Also, several new technologies available today are making school buses even safer, such as video cameras on the inside and outside, stop arm cameras, GPS tracking and collision lessening systems. Another safety tool on school buses is high seat backs, closely-spaced seats and energy-absorbing seating.,But even the safeness of school buses would not completely sum up why children are safer when riding the big, yellow bus. The bus is only as safe as the professional men and women who drive them. All drivers must obtain a Class B or C Commercial Drivers License (CDL). They are randomly tested for alcohol and drugs, usually have their driving record checked, and are given the same review for criminal history as teachers and other employees who have contact with students. In order to serve as a school bus driver, most applicants are required to successfully complete a training course, along with instruction in the classroom and behind the wheel.,School buses are safe for the environment, not only because each bus replaces 36 passenger cars that would, but for the buses, be on the road taking and picking up school children. Additionally, school buses use alternative green fuel like natural gases, and electric power.,Todd Monteferrario, President of the National School Transportation Association, said parents should remember that the safest and smartest choice is to put their children on the big yellow bus when they can.,1,2,3,4,5,Topic sentences,Supporting,details,Conclusion,文章结构,Argument,Ways of,arguing,with,hypothesis (,假设,),with,examples and analysis,with,cause and effect,by,comparing and contrasting,议论文写作手法,Exposition,Ways of,explaining,with,facts,with,examples,with,cause and effect,by,defining,by,comparing and contrasting,by,dividing and classifying,说明文写作手法,2 These,school buses meet more of the nations motor vehicle safety standards than any other vehicles on the road. Also, several new technologies available today are making school buses even safer, such as video cameras on the inside and outside, stop arm cameras, GPS tracking and collision lessening systems. Another safety tool on school buses is high seat backs, closely-spaced seats and energy-absorbing seating.,1. Read for Supporting details,Para. 2,School buses are the safest,Meet more of the safety standard,New technologies,Stop arm cameras,GPS tracking,collision lessening systems,seating,video,cameras,Topic sentence,Supporting details,Major facts,Minor facts,Topic sentence,Major facts,+,1.,有时段落的,topic sentence,因为过于浓缩而变得抽象使读者不能充分理解，此时必须加上,major facts,，有时甚至,minor facts;,2.,有时段落支撑信息只有,minor facts,可以通过概括提炼,major facts.,3.,利用段落中的逻辑词确定,topic sentence,和,major facts,之间的关系。,Tip2,：段落要点须包括所有主要信息和部分次要信息,3 But,even the safeness of school buses would not completely sum up why children are safer when riding the big, yellow bus. The bus is only as safe as the professional men and women who drive them. All drivers must obtain a Class B or C Commercial Drivers License (CDL). They are randomly tested for alcohol and drugs, usually have their driving record checked, and are given the same review for criminal history as teachers and other employees who have contact with students. In order to serve as a school bus driver, most applicants are required to successfully complete a training course, along with instruction in the classroom and behind the wheel.,Practice,3 But,even the safeness of school buses would not completely sum up why children are safer when riding the big, yellow bus. The bus is only as safe as the professional men and women who drive them. All drivers must obtain a Class B or C Commercial Drivers License (CDL). They are randomly tested for alcohol and drugs, usually have their driving record checked, and are given the same review for criminal history as teachers and other employees who have contact with students. In order to serve as a school bus driver, most applicants are required to successfully complete a training course, along with instruction in the classroom and behind the wheel.,Practice,School bus drivers,*obtain CDL,*tested for alcohol and drug,*review for criminal history,complete,a training course,are reliable,pass strict qualification,tests,Para. 3,Tip3,：当段落只有,supporting details,需要提炼概括要点,4 School buses are safe for the environment, not only because each bus replaces 36 passenger cars that would, but for the buses, be on the road taking and picking up school children. Additionally, school buses use alternative green fuel like natural gases, and electric power.,5 Todd Monteferrario, President of the National School Transportation Association, said parents should remember that the safest and smartest choice is to put their children on the big yellow bus when they can.,School bus is the safest way of transporting kids,School bus,are safest,School bus drivers are most reliable,School bus are safe for the environment,meet higher safety standard,new technologies,pass various strict tests,complete a training course,replace passenger cars,use green fuels,Safest and wisest choice: Put kids on school buses,Authors point,reasons,conclusion,Stop arm cameras,GPS tracking,collision lessening systems,seating,video cameras,*obtain CDL,*tested for alcohol and drug,*review for criminal history,2. Draw mind map,Tip 4:,绘制思维导图，确保要点完整，层次清晰,3,. Paraphrase,Although a lot of people were strongly against it, three more nuclear power stations were built.,Besides, one has to consider who he is spending the holiday with.,Another three nuclear power stations were built,despite the strong opposition.,Another consideration,is the,companion,变换方式：句子 短语 单词,变换方式：句子 名词,1.,同义词、短语替换,2.,句式转换,3.,词性转换,4.,主被动语态转换,A private American organization call PAI has just conducted a study and says more than 335 million people, who mostly live in poor areas, do not have enough water for daily life and work.,A study shows that more than 335 million people,living mainly in poor regions, are,suffering from water shortage.,变换方式：句子 非谓语结构,Tip 5:,改写原则,长变短,:,复合句,/,并列句,-,简单句 句子,-,短语,/,单词,多变少：详细具体的表达,-,概括笼统的表达,Each paragraph,The whole passage,列举,first(ly), second(ly), third(ly),next, then, finally(eventually);,for one thing, for another,让步,anyway, anyhow, although,though,despite,in spite of ,增补,also,whats more, moreover, furthermore, in addition, above all,对比,instead, on the contrary,by contrast, on the other hand,结果,so, hence, thus, therefore, consequently, as a result, in consequence,原因,because, for, for this reason, thats why, the reason is that,解释,namely,in other words,that is to say,or rather,总结,Thus, therefore,to sum up,to conclude, in conclusion,举例,for example, for instance,替代,alternatively,Tip 6,：概写中有两个层次的逻辑,4. Connect,因果,School bus is the safest way of transporting kids,School bus,are safest,School bus drivers are reliable,School bus are safe for the environment,meet higher safety standard,new technologies,pass various strict tests,complete a training course,replace passenger cars,use green fuels,Safest and wisest choice: Put kids on school buses,Authors point,reasons,conclusion,Stop arm cameras,GPS tracking,collision lessening systems,seating,video cameras,*obtain CDL,*tested for alcohol and drug,*review for criminal history,Write your summary,并列,并列,并列,因果,总结,列举,Checklist of summary writing,1. Does your summary,cover all the key information,of the passage as a whole?,2. Does you summary have,accurate grammar and vocabulary,?,3. Is there any,linking word,to make your summary coherent(,连贯的,)?,4. Is your summary presented,in your own words,?,The school bus is the,safest,choice to school in the US. (,要点,1),They not,only meet,highest,vehicle safety standards but also are technologically equipped.(,要点,2) Besides,the bus drivers,are reliable, who have to,pass,strict qualification tests,such as,criminal history review and finish safety driving trainings.(,要点,3),Moreover,school buses,powered by green fuels, are environmentally safe by reducing the number of private cars hitting the roads. (,要点,4,),Therefore, children are encouraged to go to school by school bus.(,要点,5),Possible Version,Tips,2,：各段落要点要包括所有主要信息和部分次要信息,1,：主题句必须概括全文或整段,3,：当段落只有,supporting details,需要提炼概括要点,4:,绘制思维导图，确保要点完整，层次清晰,5:,改写：长变短， 多变少,6,：,概写中有两个层次的逻辑,:,要点间、要点与支撑信息间,Read,Paraphrase,Connect,Mind map,步步为营，步步为“赢”,He who laughs last laughs best!,8,th, May,