大学综合英语Unit4 A View of Mountains

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Unit,4,Text I,A View of Mountains,Nuclear technology,There is a great deal of,public concern,about its dangers and possible implications. Therefore, every application of nuclear technology is reviewed with care.,How much do you know about nuclear technology?,Nuclear technology,Nuclear technology,is technology that involves the,reactions,of,atomic nuclei,. It has found applications from,smoke detectors,to,nuclear reactors, and from,gun sights,to,nuclear weapons,.,Pre-reading questions,1. Some people think possessing nuclear weapons,threatens the existence of mankind,others think it serves as,good deterrence,to prevent countries from going to war.,Are you,for or against,nuclear weapons,? Why?,2. Do you think nuclear energy is a,safe and economical source of energy,? Explain.,3. Would you live in a place that has a nuclear power plant nearby? Give reasons.,The Pros and Cons of Nuclear Energy,Advantages,:,1.,Reduction in air pollution:,a coal-fire plant releases much more radioactivity, co,2,and other elements into the atmosphere than a properly-functioning nuclear power plant does. Nuclear energy is extremely,clean,and not poisonous;,2.,Medical application,: nuclear techniques for the,diagnosis of many diseases, such as leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, iodine deficiencies, and sickle cell diseases.,Disadvantages,:,Mining and purifying uranium,has not been a very clean process;,Improperly functioning,nuclear power plants can create big problems, like the,Chernobyl disaster,. Chernobyl scattered tons of radioactive dust into the atmosphere. (,切尔诺贝利在,1986,年因核事故而被废弃,),Transporting nuclear fuel,to and from plants poses some risk.,切尔诺贝利,在,1986,年因核事故而被废弃,Chernobyl,disaster,1986,年,4,月,26,日凌晨,1,点,23,分，在乌克兰基辅州普里皮亚特发生，是,历史上最严重的核能发电厂意外事故,。,由于切尔诺贝利发电厂没有保护掩体，导致受到核辐射尘污染的云层飘往前苏联西部的部分地区、西欧、东欧、斯堪地那维亚半岛、不列颠群岛和北美东部部分地区。此外，在乌克兰、白俄罗斯及俄罗斯境内遭受到严重的核污染，超过,336,000,名的居民被迫撤离。,依据前苏联的官方报告，约,60%,受到辐射尘污染的地区皆位于白俄罗斯境内，但根据,2006,年的,TORCH,报告指出，半数的辐射尘都落在前述的三个前苏联国家以外。这次灾难所释放出的,辐射线剂量是投在,广岛的原子弹的,400,倍以上,。,Background,Information of the test,1.,about the text,This,text is the,epilogue,from Jonathan Schells book,The,Gift,of Time,:,The Cause for Abolishing Nuclear,weapons,Now published by Henry Holt& Co. in,1998.,2.,about the author,Jonathan,Schell,is the author of The Village of Ben Sue and The Fate of the Earth. He was,a writer,for the New Yorker from 1967 to 1987 and,a columnist,for,Newsday,from 1990 to 1996. He teaches at Wesleyan University and the New School, and is the Harold,Willens,Peace Fellow at The Nation Institute,.,3. The,Nagasaki,is a city which is the seaport in southwest Japan(,长崎,) and is one the two cities that got nuclear bombing in the War II.,4. The,Hiroshima,is a city which is the seaport in southwest Japan(,广岛,) and is the other city that got nuclear bombing in the War II.,5. The,Kokura,refers to,a,seaport in Kitakyushu(,九洲,),Japan(,小仓,).,Cultural notes: Jap proper names,Regular in certain sense,姓名用汉字时，姓前名后：山端 庸介,姓名用字母时，姓后名前：,Yosuke Yamahata,（这是明治维新之后日本人脱亚入欧的做法之一）,姓名、地名中的汉字，既有训读（,Kunyomi, or semantic borrowing,），又有音读，不规则的地方不少，因为存在“一对多”或“多对一”现象。,Learn some rules,Y,suke,= Y,（庸）,+ suke,（介）,庸是音读（,onyomi,），而介是训读,Ry,nosuke Akutagawa,（芥川龙之介）,Ry=,龙，,no=,之，,suke=,介,Akuta=,芥，,gawakawa=,川,Yosuke Yamahata,山端庸介,Most widely held works about Yosuke Yamahata,Sarinagara : roman,by Philippe Forest (Book),Nagasaki journey the photographs of Yosuke Yamahata : a photography exhibition touring internationally 1995-1996,Language work,dispatch,: (formal) to send someone or sth. somewhere for a particular purpose,；,to send off to a destination,A reporter was dispatched to Naples to cover the riot.,美国朋友们给他寄去了好几包裹食品。,Parcels of food were ed to him by A.,政府正准备派出,4000,士兵对全岛进行搜索。,The gov. was preparing to 4, 000 s.,constitute,:,1,) compose; form.,be the componets or essence of; make up form,组成，构成,e,g,.,Meat,，,milk,，,vegetables,，,fruit and starches,constitute,a balanced diet.,肉类、牛奶、蔬菜、水果以及淀粉质食物构成了均衡饮食。,Nitrogen,constitutes 78% of the,earths atmostphere.,2,) be equal,to,It,is up to the teacher to decide what,constitutes,satisfactory work.,constitute,为正式用语，意为“若干部分构成一个整体”，一般不用于被动语态，如,:54 cards constitute a pack. 54,张卡片组成一副纸牌。,compose,意为“一个整体由若干部分组成或由哪些要素构成”，常用短语为,be composed of,，如,:Water,is composed of,hydrogen and oxygen.,水是由氢和氧构成的。,comprise,也为正式用语，不仅有“整体由若干部分构成”的意思，也不用于被动语态，如,:The book comprises ten chapters.,这本书有十章。,Studying and doing experiments _ practically the whole of his life.,研究和做实验几乎就是他生活的全部内容。,brand,v. mark with hot iron; impress firmly,打烙印,;,铭记，铭刻,Imagery of the war has branded itself into the national consciousness.,战争的印象深深地铭刻在人民的脑海里。,(,点拔,),其宾语后面接介词,as,意为“指为,;,使显得”，如,:,They branded him as a liar.,他们指他为说谎者。,Her hairstyle branded her as old fashioned.,她的发型使她显得守旧。,其宾语后面接介词,on,，意为“铭记，如,:,Brand the lesson on your mind.,牢记这个教训。,survive,v. remain alive or in existence; live longer than; outlive,活着，继续存在,;,比,活得长,He was the only passenger that survived the plane crash.,他是这次飞机失事中惟一幸存的乘客。,（点拨）意为“比某人多活,年”时，介词用,by,，如,:,她比他丈夫多活了十年。,She survived her husband,by,ten years.,intact,adj. remaining sound,entire, or uninjured; not impaired in any way,完好无损的,He can,scarcely,survive this scandal with his reputation intact,他经此丑闻名誉很难不受损。,(,点拨,),通常只作表语或宾语补足语，如：,The vase he dropped remained intact.,他掉下来的那个花瓶完整无损。,keep our friendship intact,让我们的友谊不受损害。,apprehend,v. grasp mentally;understand,理解，担心,(,释例,)At last I apprehended his meaning,最后，我理解了他的意思。,apprehend , comprehend , understand,，,grasp,都有“理解，领会”的意思,Apprehend,强调心灵的接受,Comprehend,understand,强调,对现实和知识的把握,Comprehend,apprehend,都强调完全的认识和知识,grasp,是指,紧紧地抓住和保持一种想法,spare,v. refrain/ prevent from harming, punishing or killing,免于伤害或毁坏,He did the work to,spare,you the trouble.,It will,spare,him embarrassment if you speak to him about it in private.,Can you spare a dollar,for/to,me till payday?,Can you spare me a dollar till payday?,你能在发薪之日前借给我一块钱用吗,?,They spared him,from,the ordeal.,=They spared him the ordeal.,他们,免除,了时他的严峻考验。,That will spare him,from,calls again.,这样就,省得,他再来造访。,ensure,v. make sure or certain,使确信或肯定,;,保证,We must take measures to ensure that the policies are carried out,to the full,.,我们必须采取措施保证这些政策不折不扣地得到贯彻执行。,(,点拨,),assure,，,ensure,，,insure,和,guarantee,为一组近义词。,synonyms,assure,意为“使,确信，使,放心”，如：,The doctor,assured,her that her child would recover soon.,医生让她相信她的孩子很快就会痊愈。,ensure,，意为“保证”，指,一般性的保证,，如,:,To ensure childs quick recovery,，,the doctor gave him an antibiotic.,为了使孩子迅速恢复，医生给他使用了抗生素。,we ensure their right to exist: we,guarantee,a safe living environment for them.,ensure,用于此义时可与,assure,通用，但二者的搭配不同，如,:ensure sb. sth.,或,ensure sth. to sb.,，,ensure + that clause; assure sb. of sth.,，,assure sb.+ that clause,。,insure,通常意为“,保险,”，多用于人寿保险，如,:The old lady has insured her life.,这个老太太已经办理了人寿保险,中国人寿保险股份有限公司,（,China Life Insurance Company Limited,）,guarantee,意为“,保证,”，指对产品,质量、人的品质,保证，或对,承担的义务保证,如：,This clock is guaranteed for one year.,这个钟保用一年。,. their bodies are often,branded with,the patterns of their clothes:,their bodies are often,marked with,the patterns of their,clothes P1,Hang over,: menace;,overshadow P2,The threat of nuclear war,hangs over,us, we couldnt enjoy our,vacation.,dispel,: cause to vanish P3,In his latest novel he aims to,dispel,the myth that real men dont cry.,Text Study,Text Analysis,Text I,A View of Mountains,This,argumentative essay,comprises three parts:,In the first part,（,Paragraph 1),In the second part,（,Paragraphs,2-3),In the last part,（,Paragraph 4),Structural Analysis,In the first part,the,writer puts forward his thesis:,a view of mountains in the background,suggests the real extent to which,the city was destroyed by the atomic,bomb,.,In the second part, the author argues that,the bombing of Nagasaki is more representative of the nuclear peril threatening the world,than that of Hiroshima and that we,need to take actions to dispel nuclear threat from the Earth,.,In the last part,he,restates his main idea, i.e. we should not just worry about the nuclear peril but,take,actions,to,eliminate,it to create a safer world.,Summary of the text,On August 9,1945, the second atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. Yosuke,Yamahata,was,d_,to the destroyed city to take some,p_.,Since no systematic photographic record was left of Hiroshima, the first city destroyed by,a_,bomb, the pictures,Yamahata,took of Nagasaki became the fullest photographic record of nuclear,d_,in existence.,In,1995, exactly 50 years after the bombing,Yamahatas,pictures were,e_,in New York. They were pictures of a totally,d_,city, pictures of the end of the world.,However, the,s_,of these pictures was more than only a record of what had happened. It serves more as a,w_,to everyone. It seems to tell us that the same thing could easily happen to any place as long as there are nuclear,w_,in existence.,Thinking,of our future generations, its the greatest of the,r_,of the generation now alive to,d_,nuclear weapons,once and for all,.,dispatched,photographs,atomic,destruction,exhibited,destroyed,significance,warning,weapons,responsibilities,dispel,Part I,paragraph 1,In,para.,1 the writer describes what Yamahatas pictures display:,the effects of a nuclear weapon on human beings,.,And then he,repeats,the main point of his argument:,the true measure,lies not in the wreckage but in the gone city, and this is where,the significance of a view of mountains in the background of one of the pictures,lies.,1. why does the author think that,Yamahatas,pictures compose the fullest record of nuclear destruction in existence?,2. Why were the bodies often branded with the patterns of their clothes?,3. why does,the author,particularly mention “ a view of mountains” in one of the pictures?,Questions to be asked:,1) Why does the author think that,Yamahatas,pictures compose the fullest record of nuclear destruction in existence?,Because there were few pictures of the destructive consequences of the first atomic bomb.,In contrast,Yamahatas,photos,systematically and timely,record the effects of the second bomb on Nagasaki.,2) Why were the bodies often branded with the patterns of their clothes?,Because the different colors of the patterns,absorb light in different degrees,. That is, they permitted the body to be heated by the thermal pulse in different degrees in accordance with the colors of the patterns.,The lighter the color, the less burned the part of the body,.,3) Why does the author particularly mention a view of mountains in one of the pictures?,Because the view of mountains,reminds,the viewers of the city that had been erased from earth,. It is in the vanished city rather than in the wreckage that the significance of the event lies., three most impressive photos,2. It was therefore left to Yamahata to record, methodically - and, as it happens, with a great and simple,artistry,- the effects on a human population of a nuclear weapon only hours after it has been used:,本句话可理解为：,With skillful and artistic techniques, Yamahata took the responsibility to record the calamity against human being produced by nuclear weapon within a few hours after the explosion.,3. A third shows a girl who has somehow survived unwounded standing in the open mouth of a bomb shelter and,smiling an unearthly smile, shocking us with the sight of ordinary life, which seems to have been left behind,for good,in the scenes we are witnessing.,本句话可理解为：,In the third picture, a girl escaping from the calamity intactly , stands in the entrance of a bome shelter and smiles,ghostly/strange and unnatural,. We were knocked back by witnessing ordinary peoples tragedy caused by nuclear weapon and these terrible scenes,were branded in our minds forever,.,Part II,Paragraphs,2-3,In this part, the writer first claims that,the bombing of Nagasaki is the fitter symbol of the nuclear danger menacing the world,; then he argues that,we should not just apprehend the nuclear peril but try to dispel it from the earth,. For this purpose, he maintains that picture taking is not enough and,action is called for,.,Part,II,paragraph 2-3,The following questions can be considered:,1. Why is the meaning of Yamahatas picture,universal,?,2. Why has Nagasaki always been in the shadow of Hiroshima?,3. Do you agree with the author when he says the bombing of Nagasaki is the,fitter symbol,of the nuclear peril? Why or why,not?,4. What should we do in addition to apprehending the nuclear,peril?,5. What do we need to meet the more important challenge of eliminating nuclear weaponry?,1,) Why is the meaning of,Yamahatas,pictures universal?,Because they express an,apprehension,of the nuclear peril that hangs over us. What happened to Nagasaki could happen to any other city in the world.,2) Why has Nagasaki always been in the shadow of Hiroshima?,Because Hiroshima was the city on which the,first atomic bomb,was dropped and it has,drawn,almost all the attention of the world. By contrast, Nagasaki,has nearly been forgotten,as an atomically devastated city.,3) Do you agree with the author when he says the bombing of Nagasaki is the fitter symbol of the nuclear peril? Why or why not?,This is an open-ended question. Students who answer no have to offer their own explanations; those who say yes can follow the writer s reasoning.,First,it is,the evidence of the danger,that nuclear weapons can be used again.,Second, it shows the,unpredictability of nuclear attacks.,4) What should we do in addition to apprehending the nuclear peril?,In addition to apprehending the nuclear peril, we should try to,dispel it completely,from the earth. This is a more significant,challenge.,5) What do we need to meet the more important challenge of eliminating nuclear weaponry?,We need,actions,rather than pictures. No picture seems adequate for this purpose.,Language Work,1. stumble:,walk or go unsteadily,The room was dark and Stan nearly fell over a chair as he,stumbled,to the phone,. Having drunk half a bottle of whiskey, I,stumbled,upstairs,and into bed.,2. ruin:,devastate, reduce to the remains,The rain absolutely,ruined,our barbecue,.,If the press should find out about this, his marriage, his reputation, and his career would all,be,ruined,.,3.,glimpse:,a very brief passing look, sight, or view,I,caught a glimpse of,the driver of the getaway car, but I doubt I would recognize her if I saw her again.,This biography offers only,a few,glimpses,of his life,before he became famous.,Part,III,paragraph 4,In this part the writer calls on us to take the responsibility of creating a safer world for new,generations.,What,should we do to,ensure,a safer world for the future generations?,This,is an,open-ended question,.,According,to the text, one of the things we should do is,make efforts to banish nuclear peril from the Earth forever,. However,there,are other things to be considered.,For,instance,the issue of pollution and environment protection, the development and application of high technology including cloning and nuclear energy, and the issue of terrorism.,Word usage,technically speaking:,从技术角度来说,Technically speaking,the invention of car is as important as any inventions in modern time.,(,从技术角度来说，汽车的发明与现代社会的任何一项发明都同等重要。,),类似于的表达结构，如,：,generally speaking,（总的来说，一般地来说）,;,honestly /frankly speaking(,坦率地说，老实说,),personally speaking (,就个人来说，就自己而言,),plainly speaking(,坦率地说,),properly speaking (,确切地说,),roughly speaking (,粗略地说,),strictly speaking(,严格来说,),Structural analysis,What makes clear the authors opinion about,the meaning of,Yamahatas,pictures,is the sentence that appears at the end of the first,para,.,What makes clear the authors opinion on,what should be done about the existing nuclear peril,is the sentence that appears in the middle of the last paragraph:,Performing that act is the greatest of the responsibilities of the generations now alive.,Rhetorical features,Apart from the two sentences that have been already mentioned, we can find the following sentences with the,“A but B”,structure in the text:,The true measure of the event lies not in what remains but in all that has disappeared,.( Para 1),the challenge is not just to apprehend the nuclear peril but to seize a God-given opportunity to dispel it once and for all,(,para3),Apart from the “A,but,B”sentence structure, we can also find the “,A yet B,” type:,Nagasaki has always been in shadow of Hiroshima,yet,the bombing of Nagasaki is in certain respects the fitter symbol of the nuclear danger that still hangs over us.,(para2),Yamahatas,pictures afford a glimpse of the end of the world.,Yet,in our day,(para3),And we can find a sentence that organizes information in a similar way without the use of the conjunction,but,or,yet,:,Arriving a half-century late, they are still news,. (para2),By admitting something is correct first and then saying something else is,even more correct, or admitting something is urgent first and then saying something else is,more urgent,with the help or the above-mentioned sentence structures, the author succeeds in,making his sentences well balanced and his argumentation forceful and convincing,.,IV. Class Check,1.,He _ his head , wondering how to solve the problem.,A) scrapped B) screwed C) scraped D) scratched,2.,E-mail is a convenient, highly democratic informal medium for conveying messages that well _ to human needs.,A) satisfies B) conforms C) adheres D) reflects,3.,When supply exceeds demand for any product, prices are _ to fall.,A) timely B) subject C) simultaneous D) liable,4.,An _ degree was conferred on the distinguished professor.,A) honest B) honored C) honorary D),honorific,D B D C,Key to some of the Exercises,(in Students Book),IV.,Paraphrase,1.,The responsibility was therefore placed on,Yamahatas,shoulders to record the effects systematically and incidentally with a great and simple artistry.,2.,That vanished city rather than its remains represents the true measure of the event.,3. In the photographs Nagasaki regains its own status.,4. . the human imagination had been exhausted and stopped at the wreckage of the first ruined city and failed to reach even the outskirts of Nagasaki.,5. apart from the pictures of Nagasaki we seem to need some other picture to,inspire,a hope of life to counterbalance the sense of doom suggested by the ruined Nagasaki .,V.,Make sentences:,1,.,It took her a year to find this,English novel, but it took her only three days to finish reading it.,2. Ill come,only if,you promise me that you wont invite Henry.,Gases like hydrogen or coal-gas or petrol vapor are perfectly safe,only if,they are not mixed with air.,1.,will come to his own,2. is branded with,3. for good,永久的，永远的,4. lay in feudal system,5. In certain respects,6. came into existence,7. outskirts,8. once and for all,彻底地,1. existence theologian,神学者,2.,survival,navigation techniques,3.,unearthly,landscape virtual opposite,stereotype lush,苍翠繁茂的,4. wrecked compartment blowtorch,喷灯,5.,exhaustive,investigation,彻底的调查,6. apprehensive,7. continuation,8. Accuracy,CABA DBCA,1. save/ relieve/ refrain,2. danger/ risk/ jeopardy jeopardize,3. incomplete/ injured/ impaired,4. supernatural/ mysterious/ weird,5. omnipresent/ ubiquitous,6. slip/ stagger/ flounder,挣扎着前进,7. individual/ personal,8. particular/ odd/ queer,security,calculated,effective,increased/ higher,not often found,perspective,1. Their cattle,were branded with,the letter,“C” so that