肌松药临床应用

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,第九章 肌松药的临床应用,The clinical use of neuromuscular blockade,Department of Anesthesiology,The 2,nd,affiliated hospital of Harbin Medical University,Li Haibo,1,概 述,肌松药是全麻中重要的辅助用药,肌松药是麻醉药吗？,不是,1942年以前,深麻醉-良好肌松,1942年箭毒应用于临床，临床麻醉就发生了革命性的变化：,浅麻醉+肌松药-良好肌松,2,Awareness,术中知晓（,awareness）,是一种严重的全麻术中并发症，会给病人造成巨大的精神损害。尤其易发生于肌松药应用不当的全麻麻醉中。,3,临床常用肌松药,去极化肌松药,琥珀胆碱,suxamethonium,succinylcholine ,scoline,非去极化肌松药,潘库溴铵,pancuronium,pavulon,维库溴铵,vecuronium,阿曲库铵,atracurium,tracrium,哌库溴铵,pipecuronium,罗库溴铵,rocuronium,美维松,mivacurium,4,Succinycholine,Dosage:,1-1.5mg/kg, repeated small dose 10mg or 1g in 500 or 1000ml, titrated to effect,Side effects and clinical considerations:,A. Cardiovascular B . Fasciculations C. Hyperkalemia D. Muscle pains E. Intragastric pressure elevation F. Intraocular pressure elevation G. Generalized contractions H. Prolonged paralysis I. Intracranial pressure,5,Tubocurarine(,筒箭毒碱,),Dosage,for intubation:0.5-0.6mg/kg,for intra-operative: 0.15mg/kg 0.05mg/kg,Side effects and clinical considerations:,hypotension and tachycardia,6,Metocurine,甲筒箭毒,Dosage,For intubation :0.3mg/kg,For intraoperative:0.08mg/kg 0.03mg/kg,Side effects and clinical considerations:,Hypotension tachycardia ,bronchospasm ,allergic reactions,7,Atracurium,Dosage,For intubation :0.5mg/kg,For intraoperative:0.25mg/kg 0.1mg/kg every 10-20min,Side effects and clinical considerations:,It must be stored at 2-8,.,laudanosine (N-,甲基四氢罂粟碱,)toxicity,8,Cistracurium,Dosage,For intubation :0.1-0.15mg/kg within 2min,For infusion:1-2,g/kg/min,Side effects and clinical considerations:,Laudanosine toxicity, pH and temperature sensitivity, and chemical incompatibility (alkaline solution such as thiopental precipitate),9,Mivacurium,Dosage,For intubation :0.1-0.2mg/kg,For infusion:4-10,g/kg/min,Side effects and clinical considerations:,10,Doxacurium(,多沙氯铵,),Dosage,For intubation :0.05mg/kg within 5min,For intraoperative:0.02mg/kg 0.005mg/kg,Side effects and clinical considerations:,Devoid of cardiovascular and histamine-releasing side effects.,Duration time:60-90min,Onset time slower :4-6min,11,Pancuronium,Dosage,For intubation :0.08-0.12mg/kg,For intraoperative:0.04mg/kg 20-40min 0.01mg/kg,Side effects and clinical considerations:,It must be stored at 2-8,.,Hypertension and tachycardia,Allergic reactions,Dysrhythmias,12,Vecuronium,Dosage,For intubation :0.08-0.12mg/kg,For intraoperative:0.04mg/kg 0.01mg/kg every 15-20min,For infusion:1-2,g/kg/min,Side effects and clinical considerations:,Devoid of cardiovascular effects,Liver failure,13,Pipecuronium,Dosage,For intubation :0.06-0.1mg/kg,Side effects and clinical considerations:,Compared with pancuronium ,pipecuronium devoid of cardiovascular and histamine release side effects, onset of action and duration of action are similar for both drugs,14,Rocuronium,Dosage,For intubation : 0.45-0.9mg/kg,For intraoperative:0.15mg/kg,For infusion:5-12,g/kg/min,Side effects and clinical considerations:,0.9-1.2mg/kg within 60-90s,15,Rapacuronium,Dosage:,For intubation : 1.5mg/kg within 1min in 85%patiens and duration time 10-20min,Side effects and clinical considerations:,Hypertension and raise HR mild and transient,Severe bronchospasm,16,肌松药的临床应用,一、在麻醉中的主要应用,1.气管插管(,intubation),去极化肌松药-琥珀胆碱,非去极化肌松药-潘库溴铵、维库溴铵、阿曲库铵、米库氯铵、罗库溴铵,2.肌松的术中维持,满足手术需要,3. 其他：,ICU,及治疗痉挛性疾病,17,二、肌松药的给药方法,单次间断静注给药,持续静脉输注给药,计算机自动化反馈控制给药,予给量法,肌松药的复合应用-最好应用同一种肌松药,18,肌松药的不良反应,1.自主神经系统作用,2.组胺释放,19,影响肌松药作用的因素,影响肌松药的药代动力学,肝肾功能,20,影响肌松药的药效动力学,1.水、电解质和酸碱平衡,2.低温,3.年龄,4神经肌肉疾病,重症肌无力,5.假性胆碱酯酶异常,21,药物的相互作用,1.吸入全麻药,2.局麻药和抗心律失常药,3.抗生素,4.抗惊厥药和精神病药,5.其他,22,肌松药的拮抗,增加乙酰胆碱浓度或延长乙酰胆碱作用时间的药物均能拮抗非去极化肌松药的肌松作用。,抗胆碱酯酶药物:,新斯的明 极量 0.07,mg/kg,吡啶斯的明 0 .28,mg/kg,依酚氯铵 1,mg/kg,23,抗胆碱酯酶药+抗胆碱药:,新斯的明0.035-0.07,mg/kg,+格隆溴铵7,g/kg,依酚氯铵 0.5-1,mg/kg,+阿托品7,g/kg,临床常用：新斯的明+阿托品,2 ： 1,24,肌松药的拮抗时机:,T,1,25%,25,Neuromuscular monitoring,肌松监测：刺激外周神经干（一般为尺神经），诱发该神经支配的肌群收缩，据肌收缩效应评价肌松药的作用程度、时效及阻滞性质。,26,Supramaximal stimulation,20,to 25 percent above that necessary for a maximal response,The optimal pulse duration is 0.2 to 0.3 ms,The impulse should be monophasic and rectangular (i.e., it should be a square wave) because a biphasic pulse may cause a burst of action potentials in the nerve (repetitive firing), increasing the response to the stimulation,27,Patterns of stimulation,1.单刺激（,single twitch stimulation）,2.强直刺激（,tetanic stimulation）,3.四个成串刺激（,train of four TOF）,4.强直刺激后记数（,post tetanic count PTC）,5.双短强直刺激（,double-burst stimulation DBS）,28,Single twitch stimulation,frequencies of 0.1 to 1.0 Hz,29,Train of four (TOF),30,Tetanic stimulation,31,Post-Tetanic Count Stimulation,32,Relationship between time to the first reaction to TOF nerve stimulation and the number of post-tetanic twitches (i.e., the post-tetanic count) during intense blockade caused by pancuronium, atracurium, and vecuronium. Mean curves and 95 percent prediction regions are shown,33,Double-Burst Stimulation,34,THE NERVE STIMULATOR,The stimulus should produce a monophasic and rectangular waveform, and the length of the pulse should not exceed 0.2 to 0.3 ms,60 to 70 mA, but not more than 80 mA,35,36,RECORDING OF EVOKED RESPONSES,Mechanomyography,Electromyography,Acceleromyography,37,Electromyography,38,39,Acceleromyography,40,41,肌松监测的临床应用,1.肝肾功能障碍,2.重症肌无力,3.为避免术后肌松拮抗的病人,4.呼吸功能严重受损，术后需肌松充分恢复的病人,5.长时间应用或持续静点肌松药的病人。,42,Case Discussion,A 72-year-old man has undergone general anesthesia for transurethral resection of the prostate。Twenty minutes after conclusion of the procedure，he is still intubated and shows no evidence of spontaneous respiration or consciousness。,43,思考题,1，肌松药延迟恢复对术后病人有哪些影响？,2，在,ICU,内如何应用肌松药？,44,