采矿工程专业英语ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,采矿工程专业英语,1,New words and expressions,resource ris:s n.,复数资源、物力、财力,rely rilai vi.,依赖，依靠，仰仗，信任，指望,hydro haidru n.水力发的电,电力,复数水力发电站，水力发电厂,renewable rinju:bl adj.可更新的;可继续的;,可再生的,n.再生性能源,fossil fsl n.从地下采掘出的石块(或矿物),adj.从地下采掘出来的,Introduction to Coal Mining,2,combustible kmbstbl adj. 可燃的,易燃的,n.可燃物,易燃,燃料,sedimentary ,sedimentri adj.沉淀(物),compose kmpuz vt.组成,构成,consolidate knslideit vt. 把合成一体,合并,stratum streitm; str-; str:- n.层; 岩层,silt silt n.泥沙，淤泥;泥沙层；粉沙层,crust krst n.外壳，外皮;地壳,tectonic tektnik adj.地壳构造的,peat pi:t n.泥炭，泥煤;泥炭块；泥炭土,bog b n.沼泽,泥沼,泥塘;沼泽地区,3,subject sbdekt n.主题,题材,题目,论题,课题,adj.受()影响的(常与to连用),carboniferous ,krbnfrs adj. 石炭纪的,n.石炭纪,石炭层,span spn n. 时间阶段,deposit dipzit vi.沉积;沉淀,n. 沉积,沉淀,沉积物;堆积物,【采矿】矿藏,矿床,maturity mtjuriti n.成熟;【生物学】 成熟期,lignite linait n.褐煤 亦作 brown coal,shade eid n.阴,树阴;细微差别,4,progressive pruresiv adj.逐渐的; 渐进的,bituminous bitju:mins adj.沥青的; 烟煤的,anthracite英nrsatn. 矿物 无烟煤,abundance bndns n.充足,大量,多;丰富, 富有,yield ji:ld n.生产,收益;产量，收益量,historically histrikli adv.在历史上;以往,过去,destine destin vt.预定,指定；打算,使(成)为，委托(for),continental ,kntinentl adj.洲的,大陆的,exponentially,ksponnli adv. 以指数方式,Newcastle nu,ksln. 纽卡斯尔（英国港市）,5,Durhamdrm n. 达拉谟(英格兰一郡及其首府名),Coalbrookdale 煤溪谷,colliery kljri n.煤矿(包括建筑物和设备),drift drift n. 【采矿】平巷，水平巷道，平峒,Midlothian midluin 中洛锡安郡(英国苏格兰东南部旧郡),Virginia vdinj (美国东部的)弗吉尼亚州,pickpik n.鹤嘴锄；镐,shovel vl n.铲，铁锹,conduct kndkt,v,t.进行,实施,处理,tremendous trimends adj.巨大的，极大的,subsidencesbsadns n. 下沉；沉淀；陷没,6,beneath bini: prep.在下面，在下方,collapse klps vi.(突然)倒塌；塌下,transmit trnsmit vt.传导；传递,potential putenl adj.潜在的,可能的,aquatic kwtik adj.水产的，水生的；水栖的,terrestrial tirestril adj.陆地的, 陆生的,offset ,fset vt.抵消;补偿,landscape lndskeip n.山水,景色; 地形,景观,7,relies on依赖,mineral resources矿藏 、矿产资源,hydro power 水力发电,fossil fuel 矿物燃料，化石燃料,fossil oil 石油；化石燃料,combustible gas 可燃气体,combustible material 可燃物；易燃材料,combustible dust 可燃粉尘；易燃粉尘,sedimentary strata 沉积岩,sedimentary deposit 沉积矿床；成层沉积,buy out 买下的全部产权；出钱使放弃地位,coal preparation plant 选煤厂,to same degree在某种程度上,in place适当的，恰当的,8,composed of 由组成,rock strata 岩层,earths crust 地壳,tectonic movement 构造运动；地壳运动,peat bog 泥炭沼，泥炭沼泽,bituminous coal 烟煤；沥青煤（等于soft coal）,in abundance 大量的；丰富的；充足的,electricity generation 发电,industrial revolution 工业革命，产业革命,destined for 驶往；去往,9,Introduction to Coal Mining,煤炭开采技术,Coal is one of the worlds most important resources of energy ,fuelling almost 40% of electricity worldwide. In many countries this figure is much higher: Poland relies on coal for over 94% of its electricity; South Africa for 92%; China for 77%; and Australia for 76%. Coal has been the worlds fastest growing energy source in recent yearsfaster than gas, oil, nuclear, hydro and renewable.,10,1. What is coal?,Coal is a fossil fuel, which is a combustible, sedimentary, organic rock, and it is composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. It is formed from vegetation, which has been consolidated between other rock strata and altered by the combined effects of pressure and heat over millions of years to form coal seams.,The build-up of silt and other sediments together with movements in the earths crust (known as tectonic movements) buried these swamps and peat bogs, often to great depths.,11,With burial, the plant material was subjected to high temperatures and pressures. This caused physical and chemical changes in the vegetation, transforming it into peat and then into coal. Coal formation began during the Carboniferous Period(known as the first coal age), which spanned 360 million to 290 million years ago.,12,The quality of each coal deposit is determined by temperature and pressure and by the length of time in formation, which is referred to as its “organic maturity”. Initially the peat is converted into lignite or “brown coal”-these are coal-types with low organic maturity. In comparison to other coals, lignite is quite soft and its color can range from dark black to various shades of brown.,13,Over many more millions of years, the continuing effects of temperature and pressure produces further change in the lignite, progressively increasing its organic maturity and transforming it into the range known as “sub-bituminous” coals.,Further chemical and physical changes occur until these coals became harder and blacker , forming the “bituminous” or “hard coals”. Under the right conditions, the progressive increase in the organic maturity can continue, finally forming anthracite.,14,2. Importance of Coal,Due to its abundance , coal has been mined in various parts of the world throughout history and continues to be an important economic activity today. Compared to wood fuels, coal yields a higher amount of energy per mass and could be obtained in areas where wood is not readily available. Though historically used as a means of household heating, coal is now mostly used in industry, especially in smelting and alloy production, as well as electricity generation.,15,Coal is one of the worlds most important sources of energy since the Industrial Revolution of the 1800s. As of 2010, coal is fuelling almost 40% of electricity worldwide. In many countries this figure is much higher: Poland relies on coal for over 94% of its electricity; South afric for 92%; China for 77%; and Australia for 76%. Coal has been the worlds fastest growing energy source in recent years-faster than gas, oil, nuclear, hydro and renewable.,16,Over 6185 million tones (Mt) of hard coal is currently produced worldwide and 1042 Mt of brown coal/lignite. The largest coal producing countries are not confined to one region-the top five hard coal producers are China, the USA, India, Australia and South Africa. Much of global coal production is used in the country in which it was produced; only around 15% of hard coal production is destined for the international coal market.,17,3,. History of Coal Mining,The Industrial Revolution, which began in Britain in the 18th century and later spread to continental Europe and North America, was based on the availability of coal to power steam engines. International trade expanded exponentially when coal-fed steam engines were built for the railway and steamships. The new mines that grew up in the 19th century depended on men and children to work long hours in often dangerous working conditions. There were many coalfields, but the oldest were in Newcastle and Durham, South Wales, Scotland and the Midlands, such as those at Coalbrookdale.,18,The oldest continuously worked deep-mine in the Unite Kingdom ia Tower Colliery in South Wales valleys in the heart of the South Wales coalfield. This colliery was developed in 1805, and its miners bought it out at the end of the 20th century, to prevent it from being closed. Tower Colliery was finally closed on 25 January 2008, although production continues at the Aberpergwm drift mine owned by Walter Energy of the USA nearby.,19,Coal was mined in America in the early 18th century, and commercial mining started around 1730 in Midlothian, Virginia.,Coal-cutting machines were invented in the 1880s. Before this invention, coal was mined from underground with a pick and shovel. By 1912 surface mining was conducted with steam shovels designed for coal mining.,4. Problems in Face of Coal Mining,Despite the tremendous importance of coal, the industry is faced with serious problems, such as:,20,(1) Dust and noise pollution,() Dust at mining operations can be caused by trucks being driven on unsealed roads, coal crushing operations, drilling operations and wind blowing over areas disturbed by mining.,() Main sources of noise pollution are blasting, movement of heavy earth moving machines, drilling and coal handling plants.,(2) Mining subsidence,Mine subsidence can be a problem with underground coal mining, whereby the ground level lowers as a result of coal having been mined beneath.,21,The major factors affecting the extent of subsidence are seam thickness and its depth beneath the surface. Roof collapse will often start within 24 hours or coal extraction, but the full effects are transmitted rather slowly upwards, eventually resulting in subsidence at the surface. But it may be over 10 years before the surface is completely stable again.,(3) Water pollution,Most underground and some surface mines lie well below the water table.,22,Both, therefore, have the potential to pollute any groundwater that flows through them. Waste water from coal preparation plant and mine water are other sources of water pollution.,In addition to the obvious disturbance of the land surface, mining may affect to varying degrees, groundwater, surface water, aquatic and terrestrial vegetation, wildlife, soils, air, and cultural resources. Action based on environmental regulations may avoid, limit, control, or offset many of these potential impacts, but mining will, to some degree, always alter landscape and environmental resources.,23,Regulations intended to control and manage these alterations of the landscape in an acceptable way are in place and are continually updated as new technologies are developed to improve mineral extraction, to reclaim mined lands, and to limit environmental impacts.,24,Unit 1 Coal Mine Geology and Exploration,New words and expressions,ancient einnt adj.古老的；远古的；,上古的；年老的,microbial maikrobil adj.微生物(细菌)的,reserve riz:v n.储量,extensive ikstensiv adj.延伸的，伸展的,structure strkt n.构造,石理,石纹,feature fi:t n.特征；特色，特点,25,observe bz:v vt.说，评述，评论,parting p:ti n.夹层,split split n.裂隙,periodic ,piridik adj.定期的;周期的,relatively reltivli adv. 比较地；相对地,reestablishment n.重建；恢复；再建,stage steid n.水位,erosive irusiv adj.,腐蚀(性)的,channel tnl n. 河床，河槽,fold fuld n.褶皱,horizontal hrizntl adj.水平的,26,distort dist:t vt.扭曲，扭歪,pattern ptn n.方式；形式,profile prufail n.侧面，剖面，纵断面,anticline ntiklain n.【地质学】背斜,syncline siklain n.,【,地质学】向斜,parameter prmit n.参数；特征；特点,illustrate ilstreit vt.阐明；说明,core k: n.核心,limb lim n.肢，翼,hinge hind n.铰链；枢纽；关键,27,axis ksis n.轴，轴线，中心线,curve k:v n.弧线，曲线,fracture frkt n. 断裂，裂缝，缝隙,fault f:lt n.【地质学、采矿】断层,tension tenn n.张力；拉力；膨胀力,thrust rst n.推动力,interval intvl n.间隔；间距；空隙,parallel prlel adj.平行的,同方向的,perpendicular ,p:pndikjul adj.垂直的,dip dip,vi,. 倾斜,28,clastic klstik adj.碎屑的；碎片性的,dike daik n.岩脉,岩墙,vein vein n.岩脉；纹理,tabular tbjul adj.平的,扁平的,lateral ltrl adj.横向的,protrude prutru:d vt.使突出，使伸出,squeeze skwi:z vt.把硬塞进(in, into),cleat kli:t n. 割理,rad1 rd n.拉德(吸收剂量的标准单位),aggregation ,riein n.聚集，凝聚,29,spherical sferikl adj. 球形的，球状的,microscopic ,maikrskpik adj.微小的,extensive use,广泛应用；有系统应用,close to 在附近,intersection line 交叉线,strike direction 走向,contribute to 是的部分原因，起作用,as if 好像，似乎,a fraction of一小部分；一部分；零点几,30,