英语语法(01语法层次)课件

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,英语语法(01语法层次),*,Unit 1: Levels of English Grammar,Issues of this unit:,Levels of grammar units,morpheme, word, phrase, clauses,英语语法(01语法层次),学习内容预告：,本单元之后，请预习：,第4、5讲：名词和名词词组、名词属格,英语语法(01语法层次),The subject of this course:,Language system:,Sound system, for phonology (音系学),Meaning system, for semantics (语义学),Rule system, for grammar study,This course studies the syntactic rules.,英语语法(01语法层次),Different levels of forms in English:,（Discourse Text）,Sentence,Clause,Phrase,Word,Morpheme,英语语法(01语法层次),A）Morphemes (词素),English morpheme,Free morphemeBound morpheme,(自由词素) (粘附词素),e.g,.,man friend,e.g.,im- -y,take luck,pre- -ess,(as roots, stems，词根、词干) (as affixes，词缀),英语语法(01语法层次),Affixes,： （,词缀的结构分类,）,1 prefix (前缀)：,pre,-war,anti,body,im,possible,2 suffix (后缀)： care,ful, farm,er, nice,ly, home,ly,3 infix (中缀)： foot f,ee,t, state,s,man,英语语法(01语法层次),词缀的功能分类：,一些词缀是,句法性的,(syntactic),，如：,-ed,标示动词的过去时，,-s,则标示名词的复数或动词第三人称单数等；它们被称为“,Inflectional affix,(屈折词缀),；其他如：,-s -ed -est,”,另一些词缀则是,语义性的,(semantic),，例如：,-,er,作为名词词尾，表示“,one who,”的含义；它们通常被称为“,Derivational affix (派生词缀),”,英语语法(01语法层次),Next, lets look more closely at some examples of stems, affixations and their roles in forming English words.,（,I have prepared,a list of the stems, prefixes and suffixes,of English words, which is in a Word file. If you are interested, you can copy it after class.）,英语语法(01语法层次),1）Examples of Prefixes:,a-, an-,/ without, lacking, not /,a,symmetr,ic,a,politi,cal,a,sex,ual,a,n,arch,y,bi-,/ two /,bi,cycle,bi,later,al,bi,ped,bi,pol,ar,bi,valence,英语语法(01语法层次),形式有差异，但意义相同的词缀：,（词缀变体，由不同的语音导致的变化）：,com-, con-, col-, cor-, co-,/ together, with /,combine, compassion,concentric circle, contract,collaborate, colleague,correspond, correlation,cooperation, coworker,英语语法(01语法层次),形式相同，但意义不同的词缀：,im-, in-, il-, ir-,/ in, into, on /,immigrant, import, income, illustration,irrigation,(通常为名词、动词),im-, in-, il-, ir-,/ not /,impossible, immature, ineffectual, illegal,irresponsible,（通常为形容词）,英语语法(01语法层次),反义词缀：,inter-,/ between /,international, interpersonal, internet, intergroup,intra-, intro-,/ within /,intranet, intragroup, introduction, introspection,sub-,/ under /,subject, submarine, subsonic,super-,/ above, greater/,supersonic,supermarket, superpower,英语语法(01语法层次),反义词缀：,macro-,/ big /,macrocomputer, macrocontrol, macroeconomy,micro-,/small /,microcomputer, microcontrol, microeconomy,英语语法(01语法层次),同义、近义词缀：,anti-,/ against /,antibiotic, antibody, antisocial, antifascist,contra-,/ against /,contradiction, contrast,counter-,/ against /,counteract, counterpart,counterrevolution, counterclockwise,英语语法(01语法层次),同义、近义词缀：,demi-,/ a half or a part of /,demi-god, demilune,semi-,/ half, partly /,semiconductor, semifinal, semicircle,hemi,sphere,fore-,/ before, in front of /,forehead, forestall, forefather, forerunner,pre-,/ before /,prewar, prepare, preposition, preschool,英语语法(01语法层次),2）Examples of Suffixes:,有些后缀仅仅具有句法意义,：,-,ness,/added to adjectives to form nouns/,carelessness, goodness, laziness, drowsiness,-sumption,/ noun form for verbs ended with,-,ume,/,assumption, consumption, resumption,assume,assumption,英语语法(01语法层次),有些后缀则既有句法意义，也有语义意义,：,-able, -ible,/ adj. capable of, fit for /,eatable, workable, considerable, sizable, feasible,-oid,/ n. like, resembling /,asteroid, anthropoid, mongoloid,英语语法(01语法层次),有些后缀具有不同的意义（例如相反意义）：,-er, -or, -eer,/ n. one who /,worker, officer, operator, actor, engineer, profiteer,-ee,/ n. one who (usu. in passive sense)/,interviewee, testee, fiancee, employee,英语语法(01语法层次),3）,Examples of Stems:,-anim-,/ spirit /,anim,al,un,anim,ous, magn,anim,ous,-aqua-,/ water /,aqua,tic sports,aqua,rium,aqua,naut,-auto-,/ self /,auto,biography,auto,mation,auto,mobile,aut,ism,英语语法(01语法层次),-cap-, -capit-,/ head, chief /,capit,al,capt,ain, de,capit,ation,per,capit,a income,-dict-,/ say, speak /,dict,ation,dict,ionary,dict,ator, contra,dict,ion,-son-,/ sound /,sub,son,ic, con,son,ant, re,son,ant, ultra,son,ic,英语语法(01语法层次),小贴士：词根的典故：,Cesar:,Veni, Vidi, Vinci,!“,-,ven,-, -,vent,-,/ come /,intervene, prevent, convention,-,vid,-, -,vis,-,/ see /,video, visualize, vision, vista,-,vinc,-, -,van,-,/ conquer /,victory, invincible, vanquish, vanity,英语语法(01语法层次),Just a small quiz, before we go on:,Do you know these words and if not, can you figure out their meanings:,docudrama,netizen ultramodern,hydrotherapy retrospect transplant,clockwise, counterclockwise,testwise,英语语法(01语法层次),Can you make out the meaning of this word：,pneumono,ultra,micro,scopic,silico,volcano,coni,osis,英语语法(01语法层次),词中，词根词缀的含义：,-pneumono-,pneumonia, pneumatic gun,ultra-,ultrasonic, ultraviolet,micro-,microcomputer, microphone,-scop-,telescope, microscope,silicon,硅,volcano,火山,-coni-,of cones,-osis,（病名后缀）,tuberculosis, scoliosis,英语语法(01语法层次),The meaning of the word：,pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis,is this in Chinese：,硅酸盐沉淀病,英语的大词比小词容易记。,英语语法(01语法层次),Now lets go to the next level of grammar：the word level.,英语语法(01语法层次),B) Words:,Types of English Words,In terms of function （按功能分）,Closed class words (封闭类词，虚词),Open class words (开放类词，实词),英语语法(01语法层次),Closed class words,(function words, 封闭类词，虚词),这类词无词形变化，数量小,Preposition, pronoun, determiner, conjunction, auxiliary,and in the they shall,英语语法(01语法层次),Open class words,(content words, 开放类词，实词),noun, adjective, adverb, main verb, numerals (cardinal, ordinal),这类词有词形变化，数量很大,boy,boys,good,best,three,thirty borrow,borrowed,borrowing,英语语法(01语法层次),Types of English Words,In terms of structure （按结构分）,1）simple words（简单词）,2）derivative words（派生词）,3）compound words（复合词）,英语语法(01语法层次),1) Simple word （简单词）,Also called,“,morpheme word，单词素词,”,（不能再分为更小的词素）,e.g,.:,foot, head, car, near, by, in,英语语法(01语法层次),2) Derivatives (派生词) ：,Formed by,: stem + affixes,e.g,.:,uncover; harmless; education,【,e- -duc- -at -ion,】,Review:,Syntactic affixes,:,work,ed,red,den,grace,ful,Semantic affixes,:,super,man,cook,er,anti,body,英语语法(01语法层次),须注意：,syntactic,和,semantic,的区分不是绝对的，句法性词缀也可能有语义价值：,employ,er,vs.,employ,ee,train,er,vs.,train,ee,interview,er,vs.,interview,ee,而有的语义性词缀也可以有不同的词性：,beauti,ful,vs.,hand,ful,psycho,tic,/,neuro,tic,antibio,tic,/,army med,ic,英语语法(01语法层次),3) Compounds (复合词) ：,In English, many words are formed by combining two or more words together and these words are called,compound words,.,Content words such as nouns, verbs and adjectives can all be formed in this fashion.,英语语法(01语法层次),Compounding: the combination of different words or word parts to form a new word:,A) Compound Nouns:,n. + n.,workshop, bookshelf, lifesaver, color-film,pron. + n.,she-wolf, he-bear, he-man,n. + v.,sunrise, sunset, shoplift, power-cut,v. + n.,scarecrow, telltale, breakfast, turncoat,a. + n.,greenhouse, red-tape, busybody, bluebook,英语语法(01语法层次),B) Compound Adjectives:,a. +n. +,ed,.,smooth-tongued, cold-blooded, narrow-minded, high-nosed,n. + v. +,ed,.,heart-broken, weather-beaten, home-made, heartfelt,英语语法(01语法层次),n. + v. +,ing,.,peace-keeping, law-abiding, time-saving, truth-telling, fact-finding,n. + a.,blood-thirsty, ice-free, snow-white, homesick,英语语法(01语法层次),a. + n.,high-grade, first-class, long-range, new-type, second-hand,a. + a.,bloody-red, bittersweet, dead-alive, white-hot,英语语法(01语法层次),v. + a.,test-wise, failsafe, diehard, talk-big,prep. + n.,indoor, overhead, aboveboard, online,hyphen conj.,out-of-door, life-and-death, wait-and-see,英语语法(01语法层次),C) Compound Verbs,:,adv. + v.,to overtake, to uplift, to uproot, to underline,to downplay, to upload,n. + n.,to brainstorm, to streamline, to dog-ear,to windsurf, to showcase,英语语法(01语法层次),n. + v.,to air-drop, to eavesdrop, to breastfeed,to nose-dive, to mastermind,a. + v.,to safeguard, to whitewash, to blindfold,英语语法(01语法层次),Just a small quiz, before we go on:,Can you figure out the meanings of these compounds:,think-tank, kill-joy, apple-polisher,half-hearted, honey-mouthed,far-reaching,ill-fitting,to cold-shoulder, to mass-produce,英语语法(01语法层次),The answer to the quiz:,think-tank,(智库),kill-joy,(扫兴的人/事),apple-polisher,(马屁精),half-hearted,(不热心的),honey-mouthed,(甜言蜜语的),far-reaching,(影响深远的),ill-fitting,(不合身的),to cold-shoulder,(让吃闭门羹),to mass-produce,(规模化生产/批量生产),英语语法(01语法层次),Other patterns of word formation：,There are also other ways to form English words, which constitute several,patterns of English word-formation,.,Next, lets take a look at these patterns.,英语语法(01语法层次),Pattern I.,Phrase-hyphen, most of the words formed this way are adjectives:,a,damned-if-they-do, damned-if-they-dont,choice,a,not-so-strong,team;,the,no-war, no-peace,stalemate;,the,cards-on-the-table,approach;,the,ends-justify-means,philosophy;,Also nouns, such as：,forget-me-not,英语语法(01语法层次),Pattern II.,Conversions, the shift of the parts of speech of a word:,n.,v.,to knife, to house, to water, to eyeball,to wine and dine,v.,n.,give somebody a push, this years pick, a cheat, to give it a rethink,a.,n.,the old, the rich, the accused, through thick and thin, the illegal,英语语法(01语法层次),Pattern III.,Blending, the merge of word parts to form a new word:,head + ending:,smog, motel, heliport, brunch,word + ending:,workaholic, netizen, lunarnaut,head + word:,medicare, psywar, telediagnosis,cyberpolice,head + head:,comsat, Amerind, memcom, telex,英语语法(01语法层次),Pattern IV.,Clipping, removing some part of a word to make it shorter while keeping the meaning:,A: tail-clipping:,ad, lab, heli(copter), math, gym, biz, bike, comfy, auto,B: head-clipping:,bus, shute, phone, (heli)copter, plane, quake,C: head and tail clipping:,fridge, flu, tec,英语语法(01语法层次),Pattern V.,Acronym, the formation of a new word from the initial letters of a phrase:,radar :,radio detecting and ranging,laser:,light-wave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation,AIDS:,acquired immunity deficiency syndrome,知道这些词是哪些词的缩写吗：,UFO, UNESCO, VIP, WHO, NATO, OPEC, ASEAN,英语语法(01语法层次),Pattern VI.,Formation of words from proper nouns:,roentgen,watt,hertz,volt,ampere,pasteurize,champagne,waterloo,water-gate,xerox,Marxism,Reaganomics,to clinton,to lewenski,？,英语语法(01语法层次),Next, lets go to the next level of grammar：the phrase level.,英语语法(01语法层次),C) Phrases (短语、词组),Phrases of English,NPVP AdjP AdvP PrepP,“,P,” means “,phrase,”.,英语语法(01语法层次),1. NP (noun phrase 名词短语)：中心语为名词,(det.) + (modifier) +,Noun,+ (modifier),e.g.:,a lazy,boy,still asleep,the,earthquake,of Richter magnitude 8 with the epicenter at Yingxiu,the hottest,hotpot,that I have ever tasted since I came to Sichuan,英语语法(01语法层次),NPs that might be misinterpreted：,dead president,sweat water,blind date,handwriting on the wall,dry goods,英语语法(01语法层次),NPs that might be misinterpreted：,dead president,：,美钞,sweat water,：,淡水,blind date,：,男女初次会面,（他人安排）,handwriting on the wall,：,不祥之兆,dry goods,：,(美)纺织品；(英) 谷物,英语语法(01语法层次),2. VP (verb phrase 动词短语)：中心语为动词,simple VP: Main Verb + (modifier),e.g.:,I,hate,English grammar,deeply,.,complex VP: Auxiliary + Main Verb + (mod.),e.g.:,We,are going,to sleep away,the class,.,I,would have been,to Wenchuan as a volunteer worker, if I,had not had to go to,school now.,英语语法(01语法层次),Finite VP: (affected by tense, or person),e.g.:,The boy,eats,the stone,.,The boy,ate,the stone,.,The boys,have,eaten,the stone,.,Infinite VP,: (unaffected by tense, or person),e.g.:,You are the last person I want,to see,.,Kissed,by mosquitoes, I feel /felt itchy.,英语语法(01语法层次),VPs that might be misinterpreted：,to pull ones leg,to bring down the house,to pull up ones socks,He is easily,taken in.,See the following page for the answers.,英语语法(01语法层次),VPs that might be misinterpreted：,to pull ones leg,：,开某人的玩笑,to bring down the house,：,震耳欲聋的声响,to pull up ones socks,：,鼓起勇气,He is easily,taken in.,：,他极易,上当受骗,。,英语语法(01语法层次),3. AdjP (adjective phrase 形容词短语)：,(modifier) + Adjective + (compliment),e.g.:,The College Entrance Examinations of this,year were,extremely easy,.,English grammar learning is,too boring to be enjoyable,.,I am,more than happy to accept your invitation to dinner,.,英语语法(01语法层次),4. AdvP (adverb phrase 副词短语)：,(modifier) + Adverb + (modifier),e.g.:,We live,far away from downtown Chengdu,.,Good table manner means that you have to eat,in such a way that no noise emits,.,英语语法(01语法层次),5. PrepP (prepositional phrase 介词短语)：,(modifier) + preposition + compliment,e.g.:,Dont be a giant,of words, but a dwarf,of deeds,.,Boys revolve,around girls, just like the Earth,around the Sun,.,英语语法(01语法层次),D) Clauses and Sentences:,Theoretically, a,sentence ,a,clause, because a sentence can be formed by two or more clauses.,However, in many cases, a clause,can be,a sentence. For instance:,“,I know it,”,is an independent, simple clause, but it is also a simple sentence.,英语语法(01语法层次),A sentence (and clause) has a structure of “subject + predicate”.,Types of clauses:,1) Independent Clause vs. Dependent Clause:,I know it,.,vs.,You know that,I know it,.,3) Main Clause vs. Subordinate Clause:,The police says,that the driver license,I have,is a fake.,英语语法(01语法层次),4) Finite Clause, Non-finite Clause, Verbless Clause,Non-finites are those with infinite VPs:,Remember,to tell any visitor that Im not at home,.,Did you remember,telling him that I wasnt at home,?,Everyone comes into the world,kicking and screaming,.,Blinded, lovers see each other in rosy glasses.,Verbless:,Careless,I missed my step on the stairs.,英语语法(01语法层次),Sentences are generally the highest unit studied by grammarians.,Types of sentences:,1) Full sentence vs. Minor sentence (不完全句),A:,“,Hi, hows it going,?,”,B:,“,Living,!,”,Referee:,“,On your marks,!,Ready,!,Go,!,”,英语语法(01语法层次),Simple, compound, complex sentences:,Compound sentence (复合句，并列句)：,I dont agree with you,but,Ill give my life to defend your right of saying it,.,Complex sentence (复杂句)：,What the teachers told us in school,is not the same as,what it is in the society,.,英语语法(01语法层次),这个句子是什么句：,One more step forward, and you are dead,!,Compound-complex sentence：,We dont care,what your say, but,what you do.,英语语法(01语法层次),This is the end of Lecture One.,Please preview:,第4、5讲：名词、名词属格,英语语法(01语法层次),